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Definition
| The earliest view of abnormal behavior and thinking was that evil spirits could posess and control the mind and body of a person. |
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| Was Demonology an exclusively Judeo-Christain idea? |
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Definition
| No. Many different cultures have had this belief at one time or another. |
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| Earliest form of treatment for mental illness. |
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| Regarded as the father of medicine and the first to adopt a biological model fo the treatment of psychopathology. |
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| First person to seperate science and medicine from religion in the treating of mental disorders. |
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| Mania, Melancholy, and Brain Fever |
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Definition
| Hippocrates' three areas of classification for mental problems. |
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| Blood, Black Bile, Yellow Bile, and Phlem |
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Term
| When did Asylums first see widespread use? |
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Definition
| The 15th and 16th centuries. |
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| Man often given credit for ushering reform of how asylum patients were treated. |
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| A former female asylum patients who was a proponent for the reform of how asylum patients were treated. |
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| The earliest that real human treatment for the mentally ill began. |
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| Proponent of moral treatment |
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| Insulin Induced Coma Therapy |
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Definition
People were given enough insulin to put them into a coma, as a form of treatment for severe illness. The idea was that if the body was put in a prolonged resting state, the body would heal itself. Some people claimed a high success rate, though this has not held up. This was very dangerous, as it could easily kill the patient or result in a permanent coma. Unfortunately, this was tried until around the fifties. |
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| Electro Convulsive Therapy |
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Definition
ECT sent electrical signals into the neural tissue of the brain. In patients that exhibit violent behavior, ECT tended to quell that violent behavior. However, it tended to reduce patients to a zombielike state. Got rid of basic personality along with violent tendencies, and could sometimes lead to death. Often led to severe memory loss, problems in neurological functioning, speech, problems with sensory systems. This is because multiple electrical shocks can destroy neural tissue. |
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Definition
| The first to suggest psychological treatments for pyschological problems. Mesmer believed psychological problems were caused by psychological imablances and could be solved by introducing a hypnotic state. He practiced an early form of hypnotism. |
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Definition
A very popular 19th century diagnosis for a psychological malady. It was regarded as gender-specific--females. Not used as a diagnosis today. |
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| Intrigued by Mesmer's use of hyptotism. He modeled his therapy after Mesmer's practices, but cut out the showmanship. |
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Definition
| A physician from Vienna. He was Frued's mentor. His method of therapy was catharsis. |
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Definition
A technique in which patients were allowed to, in a healthy, safe environment, release emotions related to a trauma they had experienced, that they had not been able to release before. Modern studies now show that Catharsis does not work. In fact, it may lead to more negative behavior. It only relieves stress temporarily, without solving the root of the problem. |
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Definition
| The founder of the psychoanalytic school of thought. |
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Definition
The precept is that outward behavioral problems are manifestations of underlying psychological issues. In order to fix the behaviors, you need to fix what is going on psychologically. |
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Definition
The id is driven by what Frued called the pleasure principle. It says "I want it, I need it, give it to me now." |
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Definition
The superego is that force in the unconscious that helps to drive our sense of morality. The superego says "It is forbidden." It follows rules. |
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Definition
The ego is in the middle. It wants moderation. It strikes a balance between the needs for pleasure from the id, and the need for rules from the superego. |
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Definition
| Student of Freud who branched off and came up with his own theories. Proposed the "Collective Unconcious." Believed that The individual is basically a good person. Thus, when the person is having psychological problems, his job is to put that person in a place where they can get back to where they want to be, which is a good person |
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Definition
| Different regions of the brain are involved in the regulation of various behaviors. Because of this, in the event of damage, a different area of the brain can take over and help compensate for the affected area. However, it is not perfect. |
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Definition
| Associated with logical thought and decision making |
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Definition
| Serves as relay station in the brain, in the sense that a lot of the sensory information passes through the parietal lobe. |
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Definition
| Generally implicated in the regulation of audition (hearing). Located just above the ears. |
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Definition
| Generally thought to be involved in the regulation of sight. |
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Definition
| ○ Keeps a lot of the same tenants as the classical Freudian psychoanalysis, save one major difference. Those who practice Ego Analysis place great importance on a person's ability to exert control over a situation. They wish to restore a patient's sense of control over situations that are problematic to them. A great many therapeutic approaches borrow this purpose of restoring a sense of control. This is the ego analysis school's legacy across the paradigms. |
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Term
| Brief psychodynamic therapy |
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Definition
| A newer therapeutic approach developed in the last 20-25 years. Mainly popular with busy businesspeople. The main goal is to get in, identify and solve the problem, and move on with your life. Not much time spent getting to "know oneself." |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm |
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Definition
| Concentrates on the relation between thinking and emotion and behavior. It also tries to restore a sense of control. How you think about the situations you experience influences problems and feelings you might have. |
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Definition
| One of the big names in the Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm. Beck's paradigm emphasizes metacognition, or thinking about thinking. His basic idea is if he can increase the extent to which you are aware of your own thought patters, and can show you how your thought patters influence your behavior, then he can get you on the road to recovery. |
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Definition
| One of the big names in the Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm. He advocated Rational Emotive Therapy, a kind of training program for changing the way you think. For instance, by altering your thinking, a traumatic experience like a breakup will still hurt, but you'll get over it faster, and it won't hurt as long. |
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Term
| Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychopathology |
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Definition
The onset of a psychopathological condition is determined by two different factors and how they interact.
1. Diathesis. Aka, predisposition, biology, etc.
2. Stress. A trigger event that is evocative enough that it brings the pathology to the surface.
Even if someone is predisposed, if a trigger never happens, they never develop the problem.
Predisposition AND environment are both important. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consistency. Does not imply validity, or accuracy. A consistently wrong measurement is still a reliable one. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether or not the test accurately measures the content it says it's going to measure. |
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Term
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Definition
f a test has construct validity, it should be strongly related to that construct. If you have a depression test, it should have questions that reflect the theoretical construct of depression.
If you have construct validity, you should also have content validity.
Possible to have content validity and not construct validity. |
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Term
| Criterion related validity |
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Definition
| The idea is that your score on the test should equate to a skill set that you have. For example, a driver's test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for disorders. Classifies disorders along five axes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic categories, such as basic deficit in motor skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental retardation and personality disorders |
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Definition
| General Medical Conditions. Things your general practitioner could diagnose, but that still have psychological aspects, such as brain damage and phantom pain. |
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Definition
| Psychosocial and environmental |
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Definition
| Global Assessment. A catch-all category for problems that don't fit elsewhere. |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. The clinician asks about the patient's problems, paying as much attention to how something is said as he does to what is said. |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. Can be done physiologically with blood pressure readings and cardiograms, or psychologically with questionnaires. |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. The most famous is the Big Five Personality Test. Asks a series of questions and then places you along a continuum in terms of where you fall in your personality traits. |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. Most famous is the IQ test. |
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Term
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Definition
Gives you the ratio of mental age and chronological age. Multiply it by 100, which gives you your IQ score. An IQ score of 100 means your mental age and chronological age are the same. If your mental age is higher, you'll have a score over 100. Score of 100 is considered average IQ.
At least two problems with traditional IQ scores. In the US, every year the average IQ score has gone up slightly. This means the IQ score is not keeping up with society. It is also biased against the elderly, people outside of western cultures, and anyone that is not of school age. Traditional IQ testing, because it is age dependent, becomes obsolete after school age.
The Wexler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was designed to deal with this problem. |
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Term
| Behavioral and cognitive assessment |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. Problem solving exams. For example, the SAT, ACT, and other standardized tests. |
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Term
| Neurobiological assessment |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. Includes brain scans, such as the PET and the CAT, and neurotransmitter assessment. |
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Term
| Neuropyschological assessment |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. An example is the tactile performance test, which is an indirect way to test for brain damage. |
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Term
| Psychophysiological assessment |
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Definition
| A type of psychological assessment. Tracks bodily changes that occur during certain psychological events. ex. a stress test. |
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Term
| The goals of the scientific approach |
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Definition
| Measurement and description, Understanding and prediction, Application and control. |
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Definition
| Any measureable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed. |
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| Tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
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Definition
| A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. |
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Definition
| Manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that changes in another variable can be observed. |
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Term
| Independent variable (IV) |
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Definition
| The variable that is being manipulated in an experiment. |
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Definition
| The variable that is affected by the independent variable. |
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Definition
| subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
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Definition
| Subjects similar to the experimental group, who do not receive the special treatment. |
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Term
| Descriptive/correlative methods |
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Definition
| Used when a researcher cannot use the experimental method. Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys. |
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Definition
| Both variables move in the same direction. This does not mean they are both going UP. |
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Definition
| The two variables move in opposite directions. When one goes up, the other goes down. |
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Definition
| ○ Failure to use random sampling. All from one sub-population, so they don't look like the population as a whole. |
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Definition
| What occurs when your control group actually improves similarly to the group that was manipulated. |
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Definition
| Instead of responding honestly, participants in a survey try to manipulate the survey to make themselves look better. |
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Definition
Occurs because whoever is running the experiment changes something in their behavior between the control and experimental group. This is usually unconscious. They know what findings they want, and this changes how they act and how they see things.
Solved by a double-blind method. |
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Definition
| Coined the term "Paradigm." |
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Definition
| Since the early twentieth century, the approach to human behavior that focuses on both heritability of traits and complex interactions between genes and environment. |
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Definition
| A broad theoretical view that holds that mental disorders are caused in part by some aberrant process directed by the brain. |
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Definition
| Central Freudian assumption that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual. |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm |
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Definition
| General view that people can best be understood by studying how they percieve and structure their experiences and how this influences behavior. |
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Definition
| a set of ideas, a model of thought or thinking, about a particular area. |
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Definition
| The extent to which traits that you have were passed from your ancestors, and the extent that you may pass certain traits that you have to your children. |
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Definition
| That branch of the genetic paradigm which is interested in the extent to which individual differences in behavior can be linked to genetics. How much of the fact that people behave differently can be linked to their biology? |
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Definition
| ○ Seeks to identify the genes that are responsible for the appearance of traits, including behavioral traits, in an individual. |
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Definition
| Cells specialized for communication. The transmission of chemical messages. |
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Definition
| Axon, Dendrite, and Soma or Cell Body |
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Definition
| The chemicals that actually carry the messages. |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter linked to anxiety disorders. |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that has been linked with schizophrenia. |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter linked to depression. |
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Definition
| An early student of Frued. Came up with the theory of Individual Psychology and the idea of an inferiority complex. |
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Definition
| A theory developed by Adler. Emphasized striving for superiority. Fulfillment found by doing things for the social good. Important to work toward goals. Focused on changing patients' illogical and mistaken ideas and expectations. Feeling and behaving better depend on thinking more rationally. |
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