Term
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Definition
| maintenance of a state of dynamic constancy in which conditions are stabilized above and below a physiological set point by negative feedback loops |
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Term
| What role does a sensor play in a negative feedback loop? |
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Definition
| it detects that deviation from a set point (where we should be) |
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Term
| What is an integrating center in a negative feedback loop? |
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Definition
| it determines the response (the brain) |
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Term
| What does the effector do in a neg. feedback loop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is intrinsic or extrinsic control the type of control that is built into the organ being regulated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How common are positive feedback loops? What bodily systems are they involved in? |
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Definition
| rare- blood clotting and ovulation |
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Term
| Copying DNA to RNA is called____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Copying RNA to a protein is called____ |
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Definition
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Term
| All genes in an individual or species are called_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| All proteins produced by a genome are called_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is chromatin made up of? |
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Definition
| DNA and its associated proteins (histones) |
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Term
| What are the 2 different types of chromatin? |
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Definition
| euchromatin and heterochromatin |
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Term
| What is heterochromatin and how is it different than euchromatin? |
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Definition
it is a highly condensed region of dna where genes are permanently inactivated
-euchromatin is active in transcription |
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Term
| What are the 4 forms of RNA? |
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Definition
| pre-RNA, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA |
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Term
| Ribosomes read a triplet at a time. Each triplet is called a ____, which specifies an___ ____ ___. |
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Definition
| codon, amino acid sequence |
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Term
| What are proteins composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of transporters are involved in carrier mediated transport across the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| specific protein transporters |
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Term
| How does non-carrier transport occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which was does passive transport move compounds? Does it require energy? |
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Definition
| down the concentration gradient, no |
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Term
| Which way does active transport move compounds? Does it require energy? |
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Definition
| against the gradient, yes- energy and transporters |
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Term
| ____ compounds readily diffuse through cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| What do polar compounds need to be able to permeate plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| an ion channel or transporter |
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Term
| Diffusion rates depend on what 4 variables? |
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Definition
1. magnitude of concentration gradient
2. permeability of membrane
3. temperature
4. surface area of membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| net diffusion of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
| H2O is (more/less) concentrated where there are more solutes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Solutes have to be ____ ____, i.e. cannot move across membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are water channels called which facilitate osmosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is osmotic pressure? What does it indicate? How is it measured? |
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Definition
| the force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis; how strongly H2O wants to diffuse; molality |
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Term
| Name 3 different types of tonicity and their osmotic pressures. |
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Definition
isotonic solutions- same osmotic pressures
hypertonic sol's- higher osmotic pressures
hypotonic sol's-lower osmotic pressures |
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Term
| Relate isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions to blood plasma in osmolalities- what will happen to a red blood cell with each one? |
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Definition
isotonic-same as blood plasma
hypertonic- higher than blood plasma, cell will shrink
hypotonic- lower than blood plasma-cell will inflate |
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Term
| Facilitated diffusion is considered ____transport and requires protein____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Na+ have higher concentrations ___the cell whereas K+ have higher concentrations____ the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Na+/K+ pump. |
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Definition
| active transport to move Na+ and K+ against their gradients (Na+ out and K+ in) |
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Term
| The transportation of digestion products across the intestinal epithelium into the blood- can happen anywhere. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transportation of compounds out of urinary filtrate and back into the blood- only happens in the kidneys. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name given to an uninsulated gap between schwann cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 4 types of EEG waves and their corresponding lobes? |
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Definition
alpha- parietal lobe
beta- frontal lobe
theta-temporal lobe
delta- cerebral cortex |
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Term
| At what specific times do you see the 4 types of EEG waves? |
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Definition
alpha- person awake, relaxed and eyes closed
beta- evoked by visual stimuli and mental activity
theta- common in newborns; in adults indicates emotional stress
delta- adult sleep, awake infants; if adult awake, indicates brain damage |
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Term
| Name 2 types of sleep and what each of their EEG waves look like. |
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Definition
REM- when dreaming occurs; waves are similar to awake ones
non-REM- consolidation of short term into long term memory; delta waves |
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Term
| What abilities do each the right and left hemisphere possess? |
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Definition
right-visuospatial tasks
left-language and analytical abilities |
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Term
| ____ Area is necessary for speech and ____ Area is involved in language comprehension. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term which describes the voltage across a cell membrane if only 1 ion could diffuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ion is more permeable Na+ or K+? |
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Definition
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Term
| Na+ concentrations are ____outside the cell whereas K+ concentrations are _____inside the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ is attracted into cells by anions and __ is actively transported out. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is membrane potential? |
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Definition
| the difference in charge across membranes |
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Term
| What is resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| the potential to have a charge; membrane voltage of cell is not producing impulses |
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Term
| What is the common range of RMP for most cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which effects RMP more, Na+ or K+? Why? |
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Definition
| K+ because it is more permeable |
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Term
| What 2 factors is RMP dependent upon? |
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Definition
| concentration gradients and permeabilities of K+ and Na+ |
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Term
What results from:
-large cations trapped in a cell
-Na+ high count outside the cell
-K+ very permeable and high inside cell? |
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Definition
| resting membrane potential |
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Term
| How do depolarization, hyperpolarization and repolarization relate to the membrane potential? |
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Definition
depol.=(stimulation) occurs when MP becomes more positive
hyper.= (inhibition) MP becomes more negative than RMP
repol.= MP returns to RMP |
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Term
| What is excitability in a cell? Examples? |
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Definition
cells can discharge their RMP quickly by rapid changes in permeability to ions (to generate and conduct impulses)
-neurons and muscle cells |
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Term
| How are voltage gated channels affected by depolarization? |
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Definition
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Term
| K+ and Na+ VG channels are ___ in resting cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| During an action potential, what ion flows in the cell during depolarization? And out during repolarization? |
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Definition
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Term
| Depolarization demonstrates a ____ feedback loop during an action potential. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is stimulus activity coded by more or bigger action potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the membrane cannot produce another AP because its sodium channels are inactivated this is called _______. |
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Definition
| an absolute refractory period |
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Term
| A relative refractory period happens when VG___ channels are open, making it harder to depolarize to threshold. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are myelinated or unmyelinated axons faster? Why? |
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Definition
| myelinated because no AP's occur under myelin and no current leaks; AP's only occur at nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
| The release of___ at a chemical synapse is triggered by the AP. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are EPSP's and what are they caused by? |
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Definition
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
-depolarizing channels |
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Term
| What are IPSP's and what are they cause by? |
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Definition
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
-hyperpolarizing channels |
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Term
| Where do EPSP's and IPSP's occur? |
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Definition
| cell bodies and dendrites |
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Term
| What is acetylcholine? What are the names of its two different receptors? Is it excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
a neurotransmitter
-nicotonic and muscarinic
-it can be either |
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Term
| Where and what inactivates acetylcholine? |
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Definition
| acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| Name 3 neurotransmitters in the CNS. Which one can also be active in the PNS? |
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Definition
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
-norepinehprine |
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