What is anatomy?

science dealing with the structural organization of the body

What is biochemistry

the studey of molecular organization and interaction in living organisms

Histology

the study of cell and tissue organization and structure within the body

What is neurobiology?

.

neural coordination of organizational structure and function

What is physiology?

the study of the functional organization and interaction of the body

 What are the factors influencing human body structure and function?

Genetic Core

Developmental Core

Pysiologic and Anatomic Self

Environmental Influences

What factors influence the genetic core?

Genotype

Genetic Expression

Developmental Expression

Phenotype

Cellular Communication

What is the genotype?

the same genetic information contained on every cell in the body

What is genetic expression?

 the part of information that is regulated or choosen by the cell for use

What is developmental expression?

 the regulation or use of different parts of gentic information at different times in the cells life cycle

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organisms genetic expression

What is cellular communication?

control maintained by response to signals that control the expression of genes

What things influence the developmental core?

Fetal Development

postnatal development

life cycle development

What are the environmental influences that affect structure and function?

biologic environment

physical environment

social environment

What percentage of the bodies internal environment is ICF?

66%

What are the distinguishing characteristics of ICF?

greater concentrations of K, protiens, Mg, and Phosphate ions

seperated from ECF by a selective membrane

What is the function of the ICF?

site for water soluble biochemical reactions

What percent of the internal body environment is ECF?

33%

What are the main characteristics of the ECF?

High concentration of Na, Cl, and bicarbonate ion

fluid found on the outiside of the membrane barrier of cells

What is the function of the ECF?

maintenance of cellular environment

transport of raw products (ions, nutrients, and waste)

what is the normal value, range, and nonlethal limits of oxygen in the ECF?

Value: 40

Range: 35-40

nonlethal limits: 10-1000

what is the normal value, range and nonlethal limits of carbon dioxide in the ECF?

value: 40

range: 35-45

nonlethal limits: 5-80

what is the normal value, range and nonlethal limits of sodium ion in the ECF?

value: 142

range: 138-146

nonlethal limits: 115-175

what is the normal value, range and nonlethal limits of potassium ion in the ECF?

value: 4.2

range: 3.8 - 5.0

nonlethal limits: 1.5 - 9.0

 what is the normal value, range, and nonlethal limits for calcium ion in the blood?

value: 1.2

range: 1.0 - 1.4

nonlethal limits: .5 - 2.0

what is the normal value, range and nonlethal limits for chloride ion in the ECF?

Value: 108

range: 103 -112

nonlethal limits: 70 - 130

 What is the normal value, range, and nonlethal limits of bicarbonate ion in the ECF?

value: 28

range: 24-32

nonlethal limits: 8-45

what is the normal value, range, and nonlethal limits of glucose in the ECF?

value: 85

range: 75-95

nonlethal limits: 20-1500

What is the normal value, range and nonlethal limits of body tempature in the ECF?

Value: 98.4

range: 98-98.8

nonlethal limits: 65-110

What is the normal value, range, and nonlethal limits of pH in the ECF?

value: 7.4

range: 7.3-7.5

nonlethal limits: 6.9-8.0

What is homeostasis?

maintenance of internal body environment within normal range

what is a negative feedback system?

control system that feeds back on itself to either increase or decrease an action to keep the body in a homeostatic range

What is the mechanism for negative feedback?

Receptor sends a signal of change to control center

Control center sends command to effector

effecto carries out command to alter the state of the body and keep it within homeostatic ranges

What is a positive feedback control?

a system that continually feeds forward on itself either increasing or decreasing the response until the stimulation is eliminated

how are homeostasis and disease related?

disease occurs when measures taken by the body to maintain homeostais fail

what is adaptive negative feedback control?

where a system simply resets itself based on new demands that are being placed on the body once the demands are gone the system simply resets itself

what are the main molecular components of a cell membrane?

lipids

protiens

carbohydrates

how are proteins classified in a cell membrane?

 operationally

extrinsic

intrinsic

what is an extrinsic protein?

one that is losely attached to the membrane and may be removed from the membrane with mild treatment

what is an intrinsic protein?

these cannot be removed from the membrane without treatment that destroys the membrane itself

what are the roles of proteins in membranes?

 catalytic: enzymes

receptors for signals

transport

structural

what are the main roles of carbohydrates in membranes?

identification and recognition

 what typical sugars will  you see associated as glycoprotiens and glycolipids on membranes?

glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, and n-acetyl sugars

what kind of a charge do all lipids bear?

a negative charge

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and which is hydrophillic?

 heads = hydrophillic

tails = hydrophobic

What is a micelle?

a structure formed by phospholipids in a aqueous environment with the heads outward and the tells inward

what important role do micelles play in the body?

help with lipid digestion

what is a liposome?

bilayers with an internal compartment

what are the three regions of a liposome?

 exterior

membrane

inside

what function do liposome play?

they can be used for delivery of substances like drugs

what are the three modes of movement associated with lipids in membranes?

rotation

lateral diffusion

flexing of the acyl chains

why is flip flop movement difficult in membranes?

because of the sidedness of each side of the membrane

what factors contribute to the sidedness of the membrane?

lipid composition is different on each side

protien composition is different on each side

carbohydrates are mainly on the outside of the cell

what is the quatified concentration gradient for Na?

Na  = 140mM (ECF)

 10mM (ICF)

14 fold difference

what is the quatified concentration gradient for K?

4mM ECF

140mM ICF

35 Fold Difference

what is the quatified concentration gradient for Ca ?

2.5mM ECF

.1mM ICF

25,000 Fold difference

what is the quatified concentration gradient for Cl ?

100mM ECF

4mM ICF

25 fold difference

how does the cell maintain these gradients?

Exclusion = prevention of ion flux

active transport of ions from side to side of membrane

What are the forms of transport across the membrane?

passive diffusion

passive transport

active transport

what are the two forms of passive transport?

carrier mediated

channel mediated

what types of molecules can cross the membrane through diffusion?

water and small lipophillic organic compounds

What factors contribute to a compounds rate of diffusion?

 charge on the molecule (charge prevents move)

size (small faster than large)

lipid solubility (more lipid soluble faster)

concentration gradient (larger the gradient faster)

in what direction do molecules cross the membrane?

molecules cross in either direction depending on their gradient

what direction do molecule move in a channel?

always move down the concentration gradient

what molecules do ion channels exist for?

Na, K, Ca

what are the four essential functions of a carrier?

 recognition (recognize specific substance)

translocation (move from side to side)

release (let go on other side)

recovery (return to original condition to start again)

What are the synonyms for carriers?

porters

translocase

transport systems

pumps

Are carriers enzymes?

no they do not catylze any reactions

in what ways are carriers like enzymes?

 they are specific

they have dislocation constants

they can be inhibited

they exhibit saturation

what is a uniport carrier and what is a example of it?

move a single molecule in one direction (glucose transport)

what is a symport carrier?

 moves two molecules simultaneously in the same direction

what is an antiport carrier and what is an example?

 two molecules move simultaneously in opposite directions. (chloride bicarbonate transport in erythrocyte membrane)

what are some key characteristics of a carrier operating by passive mediated diffusion?

faster than simple diffusion

only moves down concentration gradient

no energy input

what are the two key factors involved in active transport?

against the concentration gradient and requires energy input

unidirectional

what are the two sources of energy for active transport?

ATP hyrdolysis

Na gradient energy (indirect atp)

how is a molecule released into a higher concentration?

affinity of the translocase must be decreased via a conformational change

what is an example of a uniport active transport system and where is it found?

Ca transport

sarcoplasmic reticulum

plasma membrane

what is an example of an anti-port active transport system and where is it found?

Na - K pump (Na - K ATPase)

plasma membrane of every cell

what is the role of Na-K ATPase?

maintain the concentration gradients

What is the stoichiometry involved in Na-K ATPase?

3 Na moved out

2 K moved in 

What is the specificity of Na-K ATPase?

absolutely specific for Na

can substitute for K

What is the structure of Na-K ATPase?

tetramer (4 subunits)

2 alpha 2 beta

beta is glycoprotien with carbohydrate on external surface

What is a specific inhibitor for Na-K ATPase?

ouabain (cardiotonic steriod)

What is the proposed mechanism for Na-K ATPase?

Na attaches to inside of cell membrane

conformation changes due to phosphorylation of the protien by ATP, the affinity for Na decreases

Na leaves

K from outside binds

K dephosphorylates the enzyme

conformation now returns

K now dissociates

What are two other Na linked active transport systems?

Na linked glucose

Na linked amino acids

both transported by being linked to sodium and allowing it to flow down its concentration gradient

what is the resting membrane potential

the difference in charge btwn the inside and the outside of the cell usually around -70mV

what is the intracellular and extracellular K:Na

intracellular 10:1

extracellular 1:10

what are the key things responsible for the resting membrane potential

 membrane is more permeable to K

membrane is impermeable to large intracellular anions

This causes a small negative charge to develop inside membrane

eventually the small negative charge is strong enough to attract the K and this sets up the RMP

what happens during depolarization

influx of positive charge to the intracellular space neutralizing the negative charge and depolarizing the membrane

what happens during hyperpolarization

 Na gates close and K gates open to make the membrane more permiable to K.

As K moves out of the cell it returns and becomes increasingly negative inside the cell  

what are the two types of ion channels in membranes

passive non-gated channels

gated channels

what is the mechanism for opening gated channels and what is thier purpose

as we get a change in voltage of the RMP the voltage gated channels will shift conformation opening or closing the gates and thereby changing the permeability of a given ion allowing the membrane to conduct a action potential

what is the Na-K pump responsible for

reestablishing the resting membrane potential with proper distribution of the ions

what are channel blockers

implant in membrane and block gates from opening and thereby block the ability to create an action potential

what cells does skeletal muscle develop from

mesodermal embryologic cells

what are the steps in development of skeletal muscle

 fetal meloblast

myeloblastic cell fusion into multinucleated myeloblast

develop contractile protein within cytplasm

invasion by nerves that attach to surfaces

mature muscle fiber

what are the connective tissue coverings on muscle fibers

epimysium = covering over intire fiber

perimysium = over group of muscle cells

endomysium = around individual muscle cells

what are the three phases of muscle contraction

lag phase

contraction phase

relaxation phase

what is a isotonic contraction

 where tension is greater than the load

muscle fibers shorten

what is a isometric contraction

load is greater than tension

muscle fibers do not shorten

what are the ways of increasing muscle contraction

increase the number of motor units contracting

increase the frequency of stimulation

what is muscle tone

continuous low frequency volley of impulse delivered to only a few of the nerve cells to the muscle out of phase

what is muscle flaccidity

loss of tone due to lack of stimulus

what is tetany

continuous high frequency volley to all muscle fibers

what is muscle fatigue

muscles run out of ATP

what is neural fatigue

neurons can't keep firing because we have used up all the ACh

what is the treppe effect

where the muscle is continuously stimulated at 1 sec intervals to cause an intial increase in contraction