any living thing

"full of poison"

DEGREE to which a pathogen causes disease

a cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus

the system of having two names

(Clostridium tetani)

a group of closely related species

refers to a species in singular-

uknown species of a known genus

spp

refers to a species in plural

refers to all members of a genus

indentified by numbers, letters or names that follow species

Single Cell

(circle form)

longer, one--two per cell for transfer of the DNA in mating process

Vectors

(mechanical and biological)

causes hemolysis

(lysis of red blood cell)

Hemolysis:

alpha

beta

gama

alpha--partial : greenish zone around colony

Beta--complete hemolysis--clear, odorless zone around colony

Gama- No hemolysis

• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Virsuses
• bacteria
• algae

1. oxygen (from the ocean 50%)
2. food
3. soil microbes break down waste
4. microbes in intestines for digestion

• 1st person to observe microbes through magnifying glass

1. Highly virulent
2. moderatly virulent
3. avirulent

• both have membranes
• both use DNA to encode genetic material

• unicellular
• contains one circular chromosome
• no nucleolus
• lacks membrane-enclosed organelle

• Contains polyssacharide peptidoglycan
• has flagella
• No cilia

• cell wall is chemically simple
• may have cilia or flagella

• two prokaryotes
• one eukaryotes

1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya

1. Archaea--live in extreme habitates, bacteria-like
2. Bacteria--cell wall have peptidoglycan
3. eukarya--all ekaryotic organisms

• Prokaryotic
• have cell wall

Spherical

pairs=diplococci

• enables bacteria to resist phagocytosis by host defense cells
• allows some bacteria to adhere to surfaces and colonize and resist flushing
• prevents cell from dehydration and chemicals and loss of nutrients

• Resist disinfectants
• resist anti-biotics

1. monotrichous- single
2. amphitrichous-single and both ends
3. lophotrichous-two or more at one or both ends
4. peritrichous- all over cell

• layers of peptidoglycan
• teichoic acids= alcohol and phosphate (function as antigen)

why is it important to know gram + from gram - ?

• one or few peptidoglycan and outer membrane of protein and fat
• no teichoic acid
• lipplyssacharide in outter membrane
• lipoproteins and phospholipids too

• Safranin
• turn reddish-pink or remain purple

1. protein
2. ribosomal RNA

• bacteria that contain circular, double-stranded DNA
• small loops of extrachromosomal DNA

1. carry genes for virulence or drug resistence

• steam autoclave
• gas autoclave
• some disinfectants
• powerful radiation

1. require a special opportunity to produce disease such as injury or impaired host defenses
2. same organism can often produce a variety of problems
3. common organisms, frequently encounteredor already carried
4. cause secondary infection

1. able to infect healthy host under own power and initiate disease
2. produces one specific disease
3. not so common
4. cause of primary infection

What did Koch Postulate?

1. organism must be present in every case of disease
2. organism must be isolated in pur culture from a diseased host
3. pure culture must produce the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host
4. organism much be re-isolated in pure culture from infected experimented host

• to prove that certain microbes cause certain diseases

• constantly present in a population

• local infection enters a blood vessel and spreads to other parts of body

• toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes and toxins

• edema
• dyspnea (breathing diff)
• fever
• confusion

1. incubation period
2. prodromal period
3. period of illness
4. period of convalenscence
5. contagious period
6. levels of recovery

• produced inside some bacteria then secreted outside