Individual behavior and group dynamics in organizations.
Term
Change
Definition
An opportunity when one has a positive attitude, ask questions, listens, and is committed to succeed.
Term
What is an Organization?
Definition
Open systems composed of
people the human resources of the organization
structure, Systems of communication, authority, and workflow
technology, tools, knowledge, and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs
task, mission, purpose and goal for existing
Term
What are the 6 fields in Organizational behavior
Definition
Psychology Sociology Engineering Anthropology Management Medicine
Term
Formal Organization
Definition
The official, legitimate, and most visible part that enables people to think of organizations in logical and rational ways. Ex. Goals, Objectives, policies, procedures, fiances, communication channels, products, services
Term
informal Organization
Definition
The unofficial, less visible part of the organization eg. Beliefs, assumptions, perceptions, attitudes, values, feelings, group norms, informal leaders
Term
Why six focus organizations?
Definition
Students can benefit from being sensitive to the industrial context of organizations and from developing an appreciation for each organization as a whole.
Term
Organizational variables that affect human behavior
Definition
Jobs, Work design, Communication, Performance appraisal, organizational design, organizational structure.
Term
Components of an organization
Definition
Task, People, Technology, Structure
Term
Success in global competition
Definition
More responsive to ethnic, religious and gender diversity as well as personal integrity in the workforce. Must respond positively to the competition in an international marketplace
Term
Economic competition
Definition
Requires all categories of employee to be productive and add value to the firm
Term
Total Quality management (TQM)
Definition
The complete dedication to continuous improvement and to customers so that their needs are met and expectations are exceeded.
Term
Quality Improvement
Definition
Increases chances of success in competitive markets.
Term
Six Sigma
Definition
Company wide quality improvement characterized by a customer-driven approach, decision making based on quantitative data, and saving money.
Term
Four Phases of Six Sigma
Definition
Measure Analyze Improve Control
Term
Activities involved in learning about organizational behavior
Definition
Mastery of a basic objective body of knowledge. Development of specific skills and abilities. Application of knowledge and skill
Term
Objective Knowledge
Definition
Developed through basic and applied research and requires: Cognitive mastery of theories. Conceptual models. Research findings.
Term
What are the necessary skills required to be stressful in the workplace
Definition
Resource management skills (time management)
Information Management skills(data interpretation)
Personal Interaction skills (Teamwork)
Systems Behavior and performance skills (Cause-effect relationships)
Technology Utilization skills (troubleshooting)
Term
Managerial Implications
Definition
Consider personal and environmental factors. Formal informal dynamics of the organization she change as a opportunity Continuous learning
Term
Anthropology
Definition
The science of the learned behavior of human beings.
Term
challenge
Definition
The call to competition, contest, or battle.
Term
change
Definition
The transformation or modification of an organization and/or its stakeholders.
Term
engineering
Definition
The applied science of energy and matter.
Term
formal organization
Definition
The official, legitimate, and most visible part of the system
Term
Hawthorne studies
Definition
Studies conducted during the 1920s and 1930s that discovered the existence of the informal organization.
Term
management
Definition
The study of overseeing activities and supervising people in organizations.
Term
medicine
Definition
The applied science of healing or treatment of diseases to enhance an individual’s health and well–being.
Term
objective knowledge
Definition
Knowledge that results from research and scientific activities.
Term
opportunities
Definition
Favorable times or chances for progress and advancement.
Term
Psycology
Definition
The science of human behavior.
Term
sociology
Definition
The science of society.
Term
structure
Definition
The systems of communication, authority and roles, and workflow.
Term
task
Definition
An organization–s mission, purpose, or goal for existing.
Term
technology
Definition
The tools, knowledge, and/or techniques used to transform inputs into outputs.
Term
Positive action steps to change
Definition
have a positive attitude ask question listen to answers be committed to success
Term
character theory
Definition
An ethical theory that emphasizes the character, personal virtues, and integrity of the individual.
Term
collectivism
Definition
A cultural orientation in which individuals belong to tightly knit social frameworks, and they depend strongly on large extended families or clans.
Term
consequential theory
Definition
An ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or results of behavior.
Term
distributive justice
Definition
The fairness of the outcomes that individuals receive in an organization.
Term
diversity
Definition
All forms of individual differences, including culture, gender, age, ability, religion, personality, social status, and sexual orientation.
Term
expatriate manager
Definition
A manager who works in a country other than his or her home country.
Term
femininity
Definition
The cultural orientation in which relationships and concern for others are valued.
Term
glass ceiling
Definition
An intangible barrier that keeps women and minorities from rising above a certain level in organizations.
Term
guanxi
Definition
The Chinese practice of building networks for social exchange.
Term
individualism
Definition
A cultural orientation in which people belong to loose social frameworks, and their primary concern is for themselves and their families.
Term
masculinity
Definition
The cultural orientation in which assertiveness and materialism are valued
Term
power distance
Definition
he degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power.
Term
procedural justice
Definition
The fairness of the process by which outcomes are allocated in an organization.
Term
rule–based theory
Definition
An ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the act itself rather than its effects.
Term
social responsibility
Definition
The obligation of an organization to behave in ethical ways.
Term
social responsibility
Definition
The obligation of an organization to behave in ethical ways.
Term
time orientation
Definition
Whether a culture’s values are oriented toward the future (long–term orientation) or toward the past and present (short –term orientation).
Term
transnational organization
Definition
An organization in which the global viewpoint supersedes national issues.
Term
uncertainty avoidance
Definition
The degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty.
Term
whistle–blower
Definition
An employee who informs authorities of the wrongdoings of his or her company or coworkers.
Term
Geert Hofstede
Definition
Dutch researcher who explored the question that do cultural differences translate into differences in work-related attitudes.
Term
Individualism versus collectivism
Definition
Cultures with high individualism show loose social frameworks, primary concern for themselves and family, people are responsible for taking care of their own interests. The believe that individuals should make the decisions. Collectivism emphasizes group welfare and harmony, group loyalty and unity are paramount
Term
power distance
Definition
the level of acceptance of unequal distribution of power.the higher the number the more acceptance.
Term
uncertainty avoidance
Definition
how comfortable a group is with ambiguity and uncertainty
Term
Masculinity vs femininity
Definition
masculine culture are characterized by assertiveness and materialism Femininity emphasizes relationships and concern for others.
Term
Time orientation
Definition
Long term goals versus short term goals
Term
Diversity benefits and problems
Definition
Benefits:
Attracts and retains the best human talent
improves marketing efforts
promotes creativity and innovation
results in better problem solving
Enhances organizatioal flexibility
Problems:
Resistance to change
Lack of cohesiveness
Communication problems
Interpersonal Conflicts
Slowed decision making
Term
The four way test of what we think say or do
Definition
Is it the TRUTH
Is it FAIR to all concerned
Will it build GOODWILL and better friendships
Will it be BENEFECIAL to all concerned
Term
Chief executive officers of companies in the United States assert there are three major challenges that managers must overcome in order to remain competitive. What are they?
Definition
Encouraging positive ethics, character, and personal integrity.
Globalizing the firm's operations to compete in the global village.
Leading a diverse workforce.
Term
Globalization
Definition
Globalization occurs when foreign-based organizations locate subsidiaries somewhere other than the home country.
Term
According to Edgar Schein, ________ is the pattern of basic assumptions that a given group has invented, discovered, or developed in learning to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, and that have worked well enough to be considered valid.
Definition
Organizational Culture
Term
The globalization of business has affected human resource managers in American firms in all of the following ways:
Definition
a.
human resource managers must prepare United States workers to live outside their native country.
b.
human resource managers must help foreign employees interact with the United States culture.
c.
human resource managers must have a working knowledge of the legal systems in various countries.
Term
Diversity
Definition
encompasses all forms of differences among individuals, including
culture
gender
age
ability
religion
personality
social status
sexual orientation.
Term
Employee Rights
Definition
Among the ethical issues regarding employee rights are downsizing and layoffs, free speech, drug testing, and due process.
Employers are obligated to educate, reassure, and provide emotional support to employees regarding their rights.
Term
Procedural justice
Definition
concerns the fairness of the process by which outcomes are distributed
Term
Corporate social responsibility
Definition
the obligation of an organization to behave in ethical ways in the social environment in which it operates.
Term
attribution theory
Definition
A theory that explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own behavior and that of others.
Term
behavioral measures
Definition
Personality assessments that involve observing an individual’s behavior in a controlled situation.
Term
discounting principle
Definition
The assumption that an individual’s behavior is accounted for by the situation.
Term
extraversion
Definition
A preference indicating that an individual is energized by interaction with other people.
Term
feeling
Definition
Making decisions in a personal, value–oriented way.
Term
first–impression error
Definition
The tendency to form lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions.
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else’s behavior.
Term
general self–efficacy
Definition
An individual’s general belief that he or she is capable of meeting job demands in a wide variety of situations.
Term
impression management
Definition
The process by which individuals try to control the impressions others have of them.
Term
individual differences
Definition
The way in which factors such as skills, abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics differ from one individual to another.
Term
integrative approach
Definition
The broad theory that describes personality as a composite of an individual’s psychological processes.
Term
Interactional psychology
Definition
The psychological approach that says in order to understand human behavior, we must know something about the person and the situation.
Term
introversion
Definition
A preference indicating that an individual is energized by time alone.
Term
intuition
Definition
Gathering information through “sixth sense” and focusing on what could be rather than what actually exists.
Term
Judging Preference
Definition
Preferring closure and completion in making decisions.
Term
locus of control
Definition
An individual’s generalized belief about internal control (self–control) versus external control (control by the situation or by others).
Term
negative affect
Definition
An individual’s tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of himself or herself, other people, and the world in general.
Term
Perceiving Preference
Definition
Preferring to explore many alternatives and flexibility.
Term
personality
Definition
A relatively stable set of characteristics that influence an individual’s behavior.
Term
positive affect
Definition
An individual’s tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of himself or herself, other people, and the world in general.
Term
projection
Definition
Overestimating the number of people who share our own beliefs, values, and behaviors.
Term
projective test
Definition
A personality test that elicits an individual’s response to abstract stimuli.
Term
selective perception
Definition
The process of selecting information that supports our individual viewpoints while discounting information that threatens our viewpoints.
Term
self–esteem
Definition
An individual’s general feeling of self–worth.
Term
self–fulfilling prophecy
Definition
The situation in which our expectations about people affect our interaction with them in such a way that our expectations are confirmed.
Term
self–monitoring
Definition
The extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.
Term
self–report questionnaire
Definition
A common personality assessment that involves an individual’s responses to a series of questions.
Term
self–serving bias
Definition
The tendency to attribute one’s own successes to internal causes and one’s failures to external causes.
Term
sensing
Definition
Gathering information through the five senses.
Term
social perception
Definition
The process of interpreting information about another person.
Term
stereotype
Definition
A generalization about a group of people.
Term
strong situation
Definition
A situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behavior.
Term
thinking
Definition
Making decisions in a logical, objective fashion.
Term
trait theory
Definition
The personality theory that states that in order to understand individuals, we must break down behavior patterns into a series of observable traits.
Term
affect
Definition
The emotional component of an attitude.
Term
affective commitment
Definition
A type of organizational commitment based on an individual’s desire to remain in an organization.
Term
attitude
Definition
A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
A state of tension that is produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior.
Term
cognitive moral development
Definition
The process of moving through stages of maturity in terms of making ethical decisions.
Term
continuance commitment
Definition
A type of organizational commitment based on the fact that an individual cannot afford to leave.
Term
emotional contagion
Definition
A dynamic process through which the emotions of one person are transferred to another either consciously or unconsciously through nonverbal channels.
Term
emotions
Definition
Mental states that typically include feelings, physiological changes, and the inclination to act.
Term
ethical behavior
Definition
Acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society.
Term
instrumental values
Definition
Values that represent the acceptable behaviors to be used in achieving some end state.
Term
job satisfaction
Definition
A pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences.
Term
Machiavellianism
Definition
A personality characteristic indicating one’s willingness to do whatever it takes to get one’s own way.
Term
normative commitment
Definition
A type of organizational commitment based on an individual’s perceived obligation to remain with an organization.
Term
organizational citizenship behavior
Definition
Behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty.
Term
organizational commitment
Definition
The strength of an individual’s identification with an organization.
Term
social learning
Definition
The process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations, and culture.
Term
terminal values
Definition
Values that represent the goals to be achieved or the end states of existence.
Term
values
Definition
Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence.
Term
workplace deviance behavior
Definition
Any voluntary counterproductive behavior that violates organizational norms and causes some degree of harm to organizational functioning.
Term
benevolent
Definition
An individual who is comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of his or her comparison other.
Term
entitled
Definition
An individual who is comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of his or her comparison other.
Term
equity sensitive
Definition
An individual who prefers an equity ratio equal to that of his or her comparison other.
Term
eustress
Definition
Healthy, normal stress.
Term
expectancy
Definition
The belief that effort leads to performance.
Term
hygiene factor
Definition
A work condition related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain.
Term
inequity
Definition
The situation in which a person perceives he or she is receiving less than he or she is giving, or is giving less than he or she is receiving.
Term
instrumentality
Definition
The belief that performance is related to rewards.
Term
moral maturity
Definition
The measure of a person’s cognitive moral development.
Term
motivation
Definition
The process of arousing and sustaining goal–directed behavior.
Term
motivation factor
Definition
A work condition related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth.
Term
need for achievement
Definition
A manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns individuals’ issues of excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties.
Term
need for affiliation
Definition
A manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual’s need to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people.
Term
need for power
Definition
A manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual’s need to make an impact on others, influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life.
Term
need hierarchy
Definition
The theory that behavior is determined by a progression of physical, social, and psychological needs, including lower–order needs and higher–order needs.
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Sigmund Freud’s method for delving into the unconscious mind to better understand a person’s motives and needs.
Term
self–interest
Definition
What is in the best interest and benefit to an individual.
Term
Theory X
Definition
A set of assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by lower–order needs.
Term
Theory Y
Definition
A set of assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher–order needs.
Term
valence
Definition
The value or importance one places on a particular reward.
Term
360–degree feedback
Definition
A process of self–evaluation and evaluations by a manager, peers, direct reports, and possibly customers.
Term
Sexual Harassment
Definition
Unwelcome sexual attention, whether verbal or physical that affects an employee's job conditions or creates a hostile working environment.
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
Modifying behavior so that a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned response.
Term
consensus
Definition
An informational cue indicating the extent to which peers in the same situation behave in a similar fashion.
Term
consistency
Definition
An informational cue indicating the frequency of behavior over time.
Term
distinctiveness
Definition
An informational cue indicating the degree to which an individual behaves the same way in other situations.
