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| covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands |
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| connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues |
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| contracts to make body parts move and generates heat |
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| carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses |
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| the smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions |
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| two or more atoms joined together |
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| the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals |
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| groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function |
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| structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues |
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| consists of organs with a common function |
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| the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body |
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| the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components |
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| the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components |
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| the body's ability to detect and respond to changes |
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| motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside the cells |
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| an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both |
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| the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state |
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| either (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual |
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| the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes |
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| the study of body structures |
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| the study of body functions |
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| any abnormality of structure or function |
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| (more specific) term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
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| subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer (ex. headache, nausea, and anxiety) |
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| objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (ex. anatomical: swelling or rash, physiological: fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis) |
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| facing observer, feet shoulder-width apart, toes forward, palms forward |
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| close to point of attachment |
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| distant from point of attachment |
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| divides into equal right and left sides |
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| divides into unequal right and left sides |
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| divides into superior and inferior |
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| divides into anterior and posterior |
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| vertebral column, spinal cord, spinal nerves |
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| chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum |
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| each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura |
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| surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericarduim |
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| central portion of thoracic cavity b/w the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels |
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| subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities |
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| contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum |
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| contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction |
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| energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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| sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose; 2-3% of total body mass; source of energy for ATP |
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| fats-fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, & steroids; hydrophobic; 18-25%; help generate ATP, major components of cell membranes, regulate metabolism |
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| large molecules that contain C, H, O, & N; 12-18%; more complex; composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; provide structural framework, regulatory, contraction, immunological, transport, & catalytic (enzymes) |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA); contain C, H, O, N, & P |
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| relays instructions from genes to guide each cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids |
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| plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol & organelles), nucleus |
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| fluid lipids & mosaic of proteins |
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| lipid molecules in bilayer |
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| phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids |
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| extend into or through the membrane |
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| not firmly embedded in the membrane |
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| span entire lipid bilayer |
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| proteins that have carbohydrates attached and protrude into the extracellular fluid |
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| (integral) allows specific ion to move through water-filled pore |
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| (integral) transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape |
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| (integral) recognizes specific ligand and alters cell's functions |
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| (integral/peripheral) catalyzes reaction inside or outside the cell |
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| (integral/peripheral) anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability ad shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together |
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| cell identity marker (glycoprotein) |
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| distinguishes your cells from anyone else's (except identical twins) (MHC- major histocompatibility proteins) |
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| fluidity depends on the numbers of double bonds in the tails |
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| a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another |
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| a difference in electrical charges between two regions |
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| combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion |
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| cellular energy is required to drive the substance "uphill"- against a concentration or electrical gradient |
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| substances can move down its concentration or electrical gradient to move across the membrane using only its kinetic energy |
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| (diffus- =spreading) random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles' kinetic energy |
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| Factors influencing the diffusion rate |
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1) Steepness of the concentration gradient
2) Temperature
3) Mass of the diffusion substance
4) Surface area
5) Diffusion distance |
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| freely move through the membrane (nonpolar/hydrophobic molecules) |
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| solutes that are too polar or charged are aided through the membrane (channel-mediated, carrier-mediated) |
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| channel-mediated diffusion |
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| most are ion channels, slower than free diffusion, some can be gated |
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| carrier-mediated diffusion |
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| carrier (transporter) moves a solute down the concentration gradient; solute binds... carrier changes... solute released to the other side |
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| passive process; movement of H2O from higher concentration to lower concentration (of H2O); achieved through (1) simple diffusion across lipid bilayer (2) movement through aquaporins- integral membrane proteins that act as water channels |
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| force exerted by a liquid |
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| force exerted by an impermeable solute |
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| (tonic=tension) measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content |
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| (hypO-cell swells to O shape) hypo=less than; solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell so the water goes in the cell to dilute it causing hemolysis |
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| hyper= greater than; solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell causing the water to leave the cell which causes crenation |
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| energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes shape of the carrier protein-> "pumps" the solute against its concentration gradient; sodium-potassium pump |
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| secondary active transport |
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| stored energy in NA+ or H+ concentration gradients are used to drive other substances across membrane against their gradients (secondary indirectly uses ATP) |
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| active process (requires ATP); vesicle (little bladder); endocytosis & exocytosis |
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| ligands; vesicle forms after receptor protein recognizes & binds to a particular particle in the extracellular fluid; take up: lipoproteins, transferrin, some vitamins, antibodies, and some hormones |
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| (phagi- to eat) cells engulf large particles; macrophages&neutrophils; particle binds to receptor - causing extension of pseudopods, fusing into a phagosome; take up: invading microbes, worn-out cells |
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| tiny droplets of extracellular |
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| releases materials from the cell |
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| digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, etc. |
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| membrane enclosed vesicles |
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| movement of a substance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on the opposite side |
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| a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol |
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| thinnest; composed of protein actin; prevalent at the edge of the cell; functions: aid to generate movement and mechanical support & provide framework for microvilli |
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| thicker; composed of several different proteins; function: maintain structure under mechanical stress, stabilize positions of organelles, & aid in anchoring cells to one another |
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| thickest/largest; composed mainly of the protein tubulin; assembled by centrosome-growing outwardly toward the periphery of the cell; function: determine cell shape; movement of organelles, chromosomes, and cell projections |
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| located near nucleus; two components: pair of centrioles & pericentriolar material |
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| part of the centrosome; contains ring-shaped complexes composed of protein tubulin; complexes function to organize growth (i.e. mitotic spindle) |
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| brings particles to cell; fine adjustments |
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| two parts (can be attached or "free"); sites of protein synthesis- large content of ribonucleic acid (rRNA); attached to endoplasmic reticulum or floating in cytoplasm |
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| network of membranes extending from nuclear envelope; two forms (1) rough- synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids (2) smooth- synthesizes fatty acids & steriods; inactivates drugs; stores/releases Ca+ in muscle cells |
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| golgi complex (apparatus) |
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| composed of 3-20 cisternae (different enzymes in different cisternae); function: modify, sort, package, & transport; not attached to nuclear membrane; entry face receives/modifies proteins from ER-> medial cisterna add carbohydrates and lipids-> exit face modifies/sorts/packages for transport |
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| contain <60 digestive/hydrolytic enzymes; digest substances that enter from endocytosis; carry out autophagy (worn-out organelles); carry out autolysis (digestion of entire cell); carry out extracellular digestion |
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| contain oxidases (enzymes- remove hydrogen atoms); oxidize organic substances (i.e. amino acids, fatty acids, etc.); oxidize toxic substances (alcohol); abundant in the liver; can self-replicate |
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| destroys unneeded, damaged, and faulty proteins; plays a role in maintaining a negative feedback loop- halting the operation once it's no longer needed; in cytosol and nucleus; contain proteases (enzymes- cut proteins |
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| function: generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration; ~100s-1000s occur in cells; located where oxygen enters cell or where ATP is used often; cristae=folds in inner membrane (important in cellular respiration); they can self-replicate; momma gave us mitochondria |
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| brains of cell; most cells only have one; nuclear envelope= double membrane separating nucleus from cytoplasm; nuclear pores= circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large opening; small molecules/ions move by diffusion/large ones by active transport |
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| a cluster of protein, DNA, & RNA; produce ribosomes |
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