Who:

What: Abolishes Slavery

Where:

When:1865

Why: ABOLISHES SLAVERY

Who:

What:defines citizenship, Due Process, post civl war issues

Where:

When: june 13 1866

Why: gave citizenship to all those born or naturalized in U.S. (freedmen) and gave everyone the right to life, liberty, and property unless denied by due process of law

expanded civil rights to all people

Who:

What: right to vote

Where:

When: 1870

Why: prohibited the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)

Who: influenced by progressivism motives 

What: income tax is aloud 

Where:

When: 1913

Why: 

Who:

What: direct election of senators

When: 1913

Where:

Why: gave more power to the people; another progressive/populist idea

Who:

What: prohibited alcohol

Where:

When: 1919

Why: example of how the populists got too carried away

Who:

What: allows women's suffrage

Where:

When: 1920

Why: Allowed Women's suffrage

Who: mostly republicans upset about Johnson's reconstruction movements

What: Northern congressmen wanted the south to feel the pain more, and have worse punishment

Where:

When: post civil war (late 1860s)

Why: began the tension between Johnson and congress which eventually led to his "almost-impeachment"

brought the 15th amendment (blacks the right to vote)

Who: President Johnson (andrew)

What: plans to reconstruct the south; 10% plan (atleast 10% of all white voters in the region had to swear a loyalty oath), repudiated conferderate money, all high ranking confederate soldiers had to ask Johnson for a pardon, all 13 southern states had to recognize the 13th amendment (abolish slavery)

When: after lincoln dided

Why: was orignially lincoln's plan but Johnson implemented it b/c didn't know what else to do. Also led to Radical Republicans/Reconstruction

Who: Andrew Johnson by Congress

What: 11 total charges; 9=Tenure of Office Act, 1=command of Army Act, 1=All inclusive 

When: hearing= May 1868

Why: demonstrated checks and balances. needed 36 of the 54 senate members to convict. came down to 1, Edmund Ross: decided NOT to convict b/c didn't think the charges would hold. Example of doing the "right thing"

ended his political career

Who: congress under Johnson

What: Act to divide the South into 5 military districts; each with a northern General seeing over them who would report to U. Grant. requirements: south had to

-get all new "legislative elections and constitution eliminating slavery,

-former confederates couldn't be in politics,

-gave freedmen right to vote

-ratify 13 and 14 amendments

-voters had to pass the constitution then submit it to congress for each state to gain independence again

Where: 10 unreconstruced southern states

Why: demonstrated Johnson's vetoeing habit, but Congress's power in overturning his veto. guaranteed Republican state Govts. in the south

Who: under A. Johnson. demonstrated by Johnson's attempt to fire Edward Stanton (who was a spie for Republicans)

What: president could not fire any cabinet member without congressional approval

When: 1867 he dismissed Stanton even after senate said no (balked)

Why: J's obvious defiance of the law convinced almost every republican in the Senate to vote to impeach him. Finally did something "worthy" of impeachment

Who: guy who broke the vote and didn't convict Johnson

What: final vote for aquisition

Where: Kansas

When: Impeachment trial of 1868

Why: one of the most significant men in history because he didn't think the charges would hold, even though he was a Republican and would have loved Johnson to be out of office.

A man of his Principle

Who: Northern white men who moved to the South after the war

What: had brief cases that looked like a carpet. White men that moved to the south to "fix/Clean" the southern mess

Where: southern states

Why: excelerated the KKK because they were targeted. along with Scalawags (same thing pretty much)

Who: Southern White confederates started as the White Man's Gentlemen's club to protect orphans/widows b.c. govt. wasn't

What: resorted to violence when freedmen climbed to the top of the social ladder, and carpetbagers and scalawags entered the south 

Where: Pulasky Tennessee

When: 1867

Why: return of white southern political power b/c threatened north-likers with death and violence

who: tenant farmers/former slaves

What: still doing slave work, but supposedly going to get a salary in return so it wasn't slavery. and gave them a place to rent and could rent the tools

Where: southern states

Why: southern land owners would tell the formers slaves they could rent tools/house in return for money and work. they would get a % of profit but profit was never high enough for slaves to pay off their debt. and couldn't leave the land if they were in debt. basically trapped the slaves

cross road stores for sharecroppers to get credit

eventually led to the fall of cotton prices because thats all sharecroppers could afford to harvest and not get in too much debt.

Who: R.B. Hay's (D) opponent in election of 1876

What: led to the "compromise of 1877"

Why: Hays got 166 electoral, Tilden got 184 but needed 185 to win. there were 19 disputed votes from LA, S.C. and FL b/c they weren't done with reconstruction. used 5 reps, 5 senates, and 5 from S.court to decide who gets 19 votes. Ultimately all 19 went to Hayes.

compromise: Return of Democratic power in the South in return for Republican power in the white house

ENDED RECONSTRUCTION 1877

who:combo of union pacific and central railways

What: first system to get from East all the way to West (chicago to San Fran)

Where: Utah

When: May 10 1869

Why: railroads were the most influencial system on Western development because people could travel over there. Also, developed time zones because they all needed to opperate on the same schedule

led to the building of more railroads to link more cities and create efficient transportation

a trail from Kansas to Texas that farmers would take up to 3,000 cattle on to mve them

invention of barbed wire ended the free-range because large ranchers would fence their land

ran small farmers out of business and they had to become wage-workers

Who: targeted at Native Americans

What: laws to assimilate Native Americans to American Culture

Where: mostly in the west

When: 1877

Why: -outlawed the ghost dance

-implemented christianity 

-forced to speak English

-took kids off reservation to be taught in other schools

--Jim Thorp=most famous N.A. educated off reservation as part of the Dawe's Act

-Not "settling" the west, "transforming" the west

Who: native Americans 

What: dreamlike dance used as a cultural sign for N.A.

eventually outlawed under teh Dawe's Allotment Act becaue it "threatened american life"

started by the Teton Sioux in 1890 who were angry and hungry and resorted to the dance in order to bring back indian lands and cause whites to disappear

Who: Steel Tycoon

What: Carnegie Steel (biggest steel business in teh world during the Gilded Age)

Where: biggest steel plant in nation in Pittsburg penn. scottish immigrant to NY

When: 1872=Carnegie Steel in penn

Why: -made steel the leading use in R.R. and revolutionized the idea of Vertical integration (owning every single part of the production process)

-advocated the idea of giving back (library system) so others caught on; vanderbuilt U, Stanford U

-inspiration to other immigrants b/c rose from poverty to become one of richest men in America

Who: Andrew Carnegie

What: an essay written to soften the harshness of "Social Darwinism" it was Carnegie's way of determing how much tycoons really need and how much was too much?

When: published 1889

Why: popularized the idea that the rich should help out the other-wise less fortunate. urged the rich to live unostentatious lives

Who: Andrew Carnegie/Steel or the Meat industry

What: idea of owning every aspect of the industry (all the raw materaials to the point that it turned into steel)

When: 1872 = Carnegie Steel in Pittsburg Penn

Why: demonstrated monopolies and trusts and led to the idea that big business would eventually be more powerful than the govt. because they controlled the market

Who: J.D. Rockefeller with Oil

What: idea of owning just 1 aspect of the process/industry. ex: rockefeller only owned the refining step of oil but monopolized that aspect so no other competitors had a chance

Why: created the idea of "Trusts" and paved the way for trusts in sugar, whiskey, matches and more

Who: Standard Oil Company owner

What: became the symbol of heartless monopoly

Where: Cleveland Ohio

When: 1865 = largest oil refinery in Cleveland

Why: used secrety deals, predatory pricing and rebates to make his "small competitors" go out of business so he could control the entire oil refining business and monopolize it. Generally not liked by the public because he was so heartless. owner of the "biggest, richest, most feared, and most admired business organization in the world

Who: angered the Women's Trade Union League

What: fire at the company where 146 of 500 workers were killed and many other were hurt

Where: New York City

When: March 26, 1911

Why: drew attention to the terrible working conditions of people in these companies and how they were being exploited. Door was locked shut so they couldn't leave early so many had to try to jump (From 10 stories high) all the scraps were piled in corners=fire hazard

owners didn't get convicted for negligence b/c it was a careless smoker that started the fire

LED TO CREATION OF UNIONS!!!

Who: undermined american workers fed up with bad working situations. 20% women 

What: first mass organization of America's workingc class; aka the first attempt at a union

When: began as a secret society in 1869; launched ambitious campaign in 1878 and went public

Why: worked to unify all workers regardless of ethnicity, gender, ideology, race or occupation to build a brotherhood of workers

amplified popularity/reach for workplace reforms

Who: only abou 2-3,000 labor activists (small turnout compared to the May Day parade in Michigan with 45,000)

What: gathering of labor activists in favor of the 8 hour work day. It was a result of the may 3rd scandle where someone said "arm yourselves and appear in full force" b/c police opened fire, killing/wounding six men

Where: haymarket

When: May 4 1886

Why: someone threw a bomb into the police who responded by opening fire, killin 7 policemen and lots of other people. result = fall of the KOL, negativity towards 8 hr work day, increase popularity of the American Federation of Labor. ultimately a backlash against labor activism

Who: African American Publisher and journalist during reconstruction era

What: known for the creation of the "women's era club" (1st organization for african american women) also one of 40 on committee for making NAACP

Where:settled in Chicago after going to England

When: 1895 published "a red record" - against black racist lynching

Why: publicized the horror of the lynching process be describing it in detail and helped form the NAACP

who: author of the Horatio Algers Stories

What: ^^ stories that pretty much all had the same story line (poor boy who would rise to riches)

When: late 19th century/early 20th century

Why: displayed America as a place tos tart over, all you had to do was work hard and you would succeed. 

- a direct result that the new leisurely thing to do was to read, increased life quality

Who: Willam Marcy "Boss" TWEED

What:DEMOCRATIC MACHINE big city boss of New York; controlled the building of social services. machine=political party organized at grass roots level with purpose to win elections and reward its followers. 

Where: New York

When: midnineteenth century

Why: formed shadow govts. usually more powerful than the actual city government b/c used leverage with social services and rewards

Who: Journalists that would print crazy ridiculous stories just for the publicity and riots they would get

What: newspapers were such poor quality that they turned yellow in the sun

-stories captured the attention and fed the appetite of Americans

Where: NYC = largest most cosmepolitan, center for newspaper culture

Why: used the penny press to create a huge industry with multiple editions and competing companies, new leisure. eventually were used to accelerate the Spanish American War

Who: popularized by Mark Twain

What: ^^"era of gaudy excess"

Where

When: 1873

Why: era of new inventions; 

-railroad (refrigerated)

-telephone

-standard oil company

-development of Trusts (Rockefeller)

-Use of electricity

GET RICH QUICK era

idea that technology would lead to perfect economy

Who: anyone could order stuff

What: mail order catalogs = could order almost anything; cars, houses, horses, etc.

Where: Chicago was the great clearing house

When: during the Gilded Age

Why: advanced the idea that we needed excess and that countries that cared about fashion or having expensive things showed wealth. example: if you got a package all your neighbors would know and you would be looked at as wealthy

When: 1893

What: an example that more people were doing outdoor activities

Where: chicago

Why: increased the idea that technology and athleticism would lead to better leisure time and greater life quality

set record for the ferris wheel that was 250 ft and had 60 ppl in every car

increased the idea of having a "view" of the world. like building things on hills to see

Who: James Weaver was the Populist/People's party Candidate in the National convention

What: called for income tax, 8 hr work day, silver in circulation, secret ballot, direct election of senators

Where: Omaha Nebraska

When: election of 1890

Why: even though James Weaver didn't win, the legacy of the populists party proved legitimate in later decades when most of their reform policies got passed in the progressive and new deal eras

Who: Farmer's Alliance

What: idea to artificially inflate the price of crops

Where: estern farmers who got together in the govt. created grange halls

When: 1875ish

Why: phenomenon resulting from the govt. grange halls

idea: 1.)gov build cyllos to store grain

2.)farmers store their crops there

3.)sub treasury notes for 8% of the expected price fo crops, they would use that to pay off bills and use at general stores (just as good as $$)

result=eventually people would have to pay more for crops because the farmers kept them in the cyllos until demand increased and supply went down. farmers could sell it, pay off their STN and get a profit still

Who: leader of Coxey's Army

What: lead a march on Washington Capitol as a plight for the unemployed

Where: from massilon Ohio

When: May 1 1894 march on capitol

Why: even though him and his leitenants got arrested, he dramatized the plight of the unemployed  and called it to attention.

showed how people were looking means outside the regular party system in order to influence govt.

who: author Frank Baum

What: children's story that was an allegory for the free silver standard

When: 1900

Why: wasn't discovered as an allegory until way later but;

Dorthy=common person/little man

tornado=big business

beautiful land of (oz) ounce of silver

green backs: money 

yellow brick road: gold

silver shoes!

who: William Jennings Bryan

What: speech that combined his roots as a farmer and as a religious leader

Where: at the Democratic national convention

when: 1896

Why: used big business as a parallel to the crucifiction of christ "do not crucify mankind upon the cross of gold"

call for the use of free silver 

Who: Governor of Wisconsin and eventually on us senate

What: converted to the progressive cause

when: 1900s governor from 01-06 senator from 06-25

Why: lowered railroad rates, increased rr taxes, improved educ, preached conservation, estab factory regulation and workers comp,first direct primary in country

reforms characterized progressivism and cut across party lines, uniting ppl from both parties on specific issues

Folette+Tom Johnson (D) showed that the label "progressive" could be claimed by either party

Who: author of "The Jungle"

What: book supposed to be about the harsh labor conditions of the meat packing workers, but ppl were more disturbed by how unsanitary the factories were

Where: 

When: during Teddy Roosevelt's ruling

Why: led to the meat act, and pure food and drug act

showed how powerful the media was in convincing the people to push for things

affected public opinon in a progressive way

who: journalists exposed the people to the corruption throughout the country

What: helped the progressive movement and encouraged many progressive reforms (meat packing act, pure food and drug act)

When: early 20th century

Why: proved the power of the press, and encouraged many reforms. without Sinclair's "The Jungle", the acts probably would have died in congress

Who: Nurse for poor in NY

What: Opened the first birth control center in the U.S.

Where: Brownsville Brooklyn

When: 1916

Why: even though her clinic only operated for 9 days before she was thrown in jail, she became a national celebrity and gained legitemacy for her cause, birth control. more people became advocates of the need for birth control and she was one of the first to popularize and push the movement forward

who: under Roosevelt a secret investgation and law suit was filed

What: giant company linking 3 railroads and monopolizing the railroad industry

When:feb. 1902

Why: proved that Roosevelt was expected to be treate as an equal and would use govt. regulation as a weapon to prove his power. began his repuation as the great Trust Buster

Who: Theadore Roosevelt

What: speach that embodied the the idea that we should have a sound mind and sound body; idea of being fit and athletic in order to keep up with the more "athletic" European country; also becoming a more aggresive country in terms of foreign affairs

When: April 10 1899

Why: led to an increased interest in college sports and recreational sports. Also, an increased masculinity and patriotism throughout the country. complimented his "big stick" theory well

Who: Herbert Spencer William Graham Sumner (u.s.); Rockefeller Jr. said "pruning the early buds that grow up around it"

What: idea of letting the smaller, weak countries die so the strong ones can flourish

Where: top notch countries in the early 20th century

Why: justified imperialism and helped encourage the movement during the imperialist age. idea was "either colonize or be colonized" to show you have power

Who: Roosevelt

What: the agreement that U.S. would not make cuba one of it's territores

significat because it didn't ruin any relations with cuba after they helped them get independence from Colombia (even if it was for the benefit of U.S.)

The Spanish American War

setting: CUBA b/c spain was being very heavy handed on Cuba and U.S. though they were threatening the Monroe Doctrine of 1820s so sent the Maine to let spain know they were "watching" when the ship sunk on 2/15/98, 2 mos later we declared war on spain for about 9 mos. 

the Press got American in war b/c they would go find the most ridiculous stories, and exxagerate them to convince McKinely to go to war. so he did and we won and as a result got; philippines, Guam, puerto Rico with the Treaty of Paris 1898

Who: Roosevelt

What: speak softly but cary a big stick. that was his motto/idea for foreign policy

Where: panama canal, roosevelt corollary, asain economy, western hemisphere, etc

When: late 19th early 20th century

Why: it showed the rest of the world that the U.S. was a powerful nation and was very advanced in their foreign affairs regulations. 

Who: President 1912-1920

What: progressive reformer who became president because the democratic party split between Taft (r) and Roosevelt (bull moose party)

Why: his platform was referred to as teh "new freedom" which he used govt power to break up monopolies

led to the creation of:

-Federal Trade Commission (investigates corporate abuse)

-Clayton Anti Trust Act (no interlocking directories)

-Federal Reserve Board and Banking System

(bankers bank, to control the amount of money in circulation) ***federal govt. control the money

What: like a big civilian cruise ship that traveled from NY to Britian across the Atlantic

Why: German Subs sank it off the Coast of Ireland because they sent a warning saying that any person who boarded it would be doing so at their own risk because entering a war zone

killed many us civilians so Wilson gave Germany one last chance; if they agreed to stop using subs, U.S. would stay out of war. worked until 1918 when germany used subs again to sink British ships in order to win the war (pissed america off and combined with the Zimmerman note, led them to enter the war)

Who: part of Wilson's 14 points

What: group of chief diplomats from every country to discuss any problems that arise between countries

When: 1918ish 

Why: debated at the Peace Treat of Versailles; but when brought back to U.S. upon Wilson's arrival back, the Senate wouldn't ratify it b/c they were predominately (R) and mad beecause Wilson=Democrat and used purely (d) tactics at versailles

U.S. NEVER entered the L.O.N. and the treaty of Versailles is said to set the basis for WWII

Samuel Tilden (D) vs R.B. Hays (R)

19 electoral votes were undecided (Fl, La, S.C.)

tilden had 184 and needed 185 but the board gave all 19 electoral votes to Hays so he won the election

the board = 5 from house, senate, and s. court

compromise:

Republicans get the white house in exchange for:

-atleast 1 (D) in cabinet

-withdrawal of all federal soldiers in the south

-appoint democrats to patronage positions in thes south

-fed legislation to spur industrialization in the south