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| front (humans) toward head (animals) |
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| back (humans) butt (animals) |
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| toward the midline of body |
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| further from the midline of the body |
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| closer to the core of the body |
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| further from the core of the body |
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| closer to the skin of the body |
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| closer to the center (inside away from skin) |
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| same side of the body (left and left) |
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| opposite side of the body (right and left) |
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| between proximal and distal |
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| between proximal and distal |
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| cuts the body into right and left halves |
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| divides the body into front and back portions |
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| divides the body into upper and lower portions |
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| the study of the structure of body parts and the relationships to one another (where it is and what it's made of) |
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| study of the body's structural machinery (how the body works) |
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| hierarchy of organization |
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| organismal, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular/chemical |
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| external covering: skin, sweat/oil glans, hair |
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| protects and supports body organs, provides framework to make movement, bones |
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| allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, posture, produces heat |
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| fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glads |
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| secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism |
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| blood vessels, carries oxygen, co2, etc. |
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| immune system, picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, white blood cells, attacks foreign substances |
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| keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes co2, lungs |
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| breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible food is eliminated |
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| eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates water, acid-base balance of the blood |
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| the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world (body temp) |
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| all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body |
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| smaller to bigger, building reactions |
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| breaking down larger molecules |
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| stand erect, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms and face facing forward |
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| when abdomen is cut into 6, upper middle |
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| when abdomen is cut into 6, the middle |
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| when abdomen is cut into 6, the lower middle |
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| contains cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
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| contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
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| (all cavities are filled with) organs |
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| barrier between thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
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| area between lungs, contains heart, aortas, esophagus and trachea and thymus |
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| visceral and parietal pleura |
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| membranes that cover the lungs and line the rib cage |
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| visceral and parietal pericardium |
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| membranes that cover heart and line the pericardial sac |
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| in between visceral and parietal membranes |
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| cavity (pleural/pericardial) |
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| tougher of parietal and visceral membranes |
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| visceral and parietal peritoneum |
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| membranes of abdominopelvic cavity |
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| 96% of our body is made of |
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| large chain-like molecules made up of repeating units called monomers (di and tri mers) (macromolecules) |
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| anabolic rxn that (condensation) takes away water by removing 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom |
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| catabolic rxn in which polymers are broken down into individual monomers (add water and split up the bonds) |
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| 4 classes of biological polymers |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| made up of monomers called saccharides (C, H, O) |
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| simple sugars, 5 or 6 C in a ring, used for short term energy production |
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| 2 monosaccharides joined together, short term energy source (all include glucose) |
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| formation of disaccharides |
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| dehydration synthesis (two hydrogens and one oxygen atom are eliminated from two monosaccharides) |
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| breakdown of disaccharides |
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| hydrolysis (add water, split it into H and OH to make two OHs with excess O) |
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| thousands of monosaccharides, not sweet, long-term energy storage and structural roles |
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| important polysaccharides |
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| glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin |
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| long term energy storage in animals |
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| long term energy storage in plants |
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| structural role in plant cell walls, can't be digested by humans (provides dietary fiber) |
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| structural polysaccharides in exoskeletons, can't digest |
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| carb bound to lipid or protein |
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| external surface of cell membrane, sugar and fat connected |
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| external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts, sugar and protein |
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| gel that holds cells and tissues together, joint lubrication, rubbery texture of cartilage, complex |
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| fats, insoluble in water (hydrophobic), triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and cholesterol, eicosanoids, waxes |
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| long term energy storage lipids, 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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| primary membrane component lipids |
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| hormones, membrane component lipids |
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| chemical messenger lipids |
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| waterproofing and protection lipids |
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| waterproofing and protection lipids |
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| stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid |
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| every carbon molecule is connected with hydrogen |
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| every carbon molecule except for one is connected with hydrogen |
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| multiple carbons have double bonds |
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| every carbon molecule except for one is connected with hydrogen |
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| take unsaturated fat, break the bonds, and add hydrogen to create more bonds and it's harder to break apart |
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| studying the body as small units vs. studying the body as a whole |
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| body senses change and activates mechanisms that will reverse it |
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| senses change in the body |
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| integrating (control) center |
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| process information and makes a decision on how to handle it |
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| cell or organ that carries out change in the body |
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| physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction |
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| rxn in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy |
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| rxn in which a molecule gains electrons and energy |
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| component of membranes that compartmentalize cells and provide boundaries between cells, contain phosphate/nitrogen group and 2 fatty acid tails |
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| hydrophilic part of phospholipid |
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| the head (phosphate and nitrogen group) POLAR |
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| hydrophobic part of a phospholipid |
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| the fatty acid tail (non-polar) |
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| steroids and cholesterol basic molecular pattern |
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| four carbon rings joined together, variation has to do with side chains, little difference between testosterone and estrogen |
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| negative side effects of anabolic steroids |
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| raise cholesterol, raise blood pressure, liver disease, stunt growth, atrophy of testes, gynecomastica, more masculine, agressiveness, mood swings, depression |
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| derived from a fatty acid, hormone-like chemical messenger that signals between cells |
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| in all eicosanoids, helps with inflammation, clotting, hormones, labor, blood vessels |
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| steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption |
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| component of cell membranes, precursor of other steroids |
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| precursor of triglycerides, source of energy |
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| chemical messengers between cells |
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| energy storage, thermal insulation, filling space, binding organs together, cushioning organs |
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| most diverse group of organic macromolecules, made up of 20 amino acids |
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| carbon with 3 attachments (amino - NH2, carboxyl - COOH, and a radical group - R) |
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| the amino and carboxyl groups combine the OH and H to make water and they come together |
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| the connection between amino acids to form a protein (need more than 100 peptides) |
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| primary structure of a protein |
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| secondary structure of a protein |
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| shaped amino acid chain (helix) |
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| tertiary structure of a protein |
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| 3d shape of an amino acid chain |
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| quaternary structure of a protein |
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| multiple tertiary structures/amino acid chains, not all proteins have quaternary (hemoglobin) |
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| how tertiary/quaternary structures are formed |
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| molecules that are hydrophobic hide in folds, different molecules have different bonds which pull and shape the protein |
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| amino acid group paired with non-amino acid group (hemoglobin contains complex iron containing ring) |
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| globular proteins that have unique 3D shapes (end in ase) |
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| make and break bonds and change structure of molecules (unwind DNA) |
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| area where the substrate will bind, the enzyme can function doing the same thing over and over but will eventually wear out |
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| accelerate reactions or enable them to occur under conditions they normally wouldn't, enzymes are catalysts that lower the activation energy |
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| molecules that help enzymes function (vitamins) |
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| substances that bind with a substrate to have them not work, we do this to regulate enzyme activity so they don't digest US |
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| made up of nucleotides, store and transfer genetic information, DNA and RNA |
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| consist of at least one phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar and (AGCTU) uracil |
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| structure of a nucleic acid |
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| sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone held together with dehydration synthesis, bases stick out |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate - energy that all life needs, when an nucleic acid has multiple phosphate groups, one can be released to create the energy (ADP) and then recycled to do it again |
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