-seeks to see social patterns and behaviors effect social lives. Analyzing the big picture. Challenging common sense- Debunking.

Personal vs. public issues

a. the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards/power in society

-a hierarchy

b. terms of race/class/gender

-the Assimilation/Competition theory. Results of different groups intercting. Migration. Adaption.

 - Power/Conflict theory. focus on economic subordination and institutionalized discrimination.

Gordon's Modes of Incorporation:

1. Anglo-Conformity

A+B+C=A

-conformity to mainstream

-differences disappear

-alleviate inequality

-no timeline, process not happening

-who makes up the mainstream?

- people assimilating experience more discrimination

- not designed for immigrants w/ visible differences

- falso to assume they come to "be American"

Gordon's Modes of Incorporation,

Melting Pot Theory

A+B+C=D

- all groups must give and take

- dominant group is expected to change and doesn't view others as inferior

Melting Pot Theory

Critiques

Gordon's Modes of Incorporation

Pluralism/Multiculturalism

A+B+C=A+B+C

-promotes diversity and ethnical groups coexisting in harmony

Pluralism/Multiculturalism

Critiques

- the idea of tolerance doesn't get at the real issues- power, hierarchy, wealth

-can't be achieved

-tolerance does not equal shared POWER

1. Cultural- food, values, customs

2. Structural- working together/jobs

3. Marital-intermarriage

4.Identification- migrators identify as 'American'

5. Attitude-Receptional- majority accepts minority

6. Behavioral-Receptional- Majority does not discriminate

7. Civic- political integration

1. Straight-line (Hans)- each generation assimilates more

2. Hansen- 3rd generation loops back to original heritage

***these theories do not attempt to adress AFAM's assimilation

- European-out Migration was a major catalyst for societal reorganization around the world

-Race Relations Cycle- contacts, competition, acommadation, eventually assimilation

-progressive and irreversible

-ancestry v. history

-ethnice ties are rooted in the biological organism of man (Gordon)

-human ecology emphasizes the stability of ethnic population boundaries over time (Olzak and Nagel)

- 2+groups attempting to secure the same resources

1. Internal Colonialism- role of govt supporting a system of oppression with race+class.

2. Neo-Marxist emphasis on class- the class and race stratification that divides our society based on 4 classes (capitalists, managers, petit bourgeoisie, working class)

-capitalists decide opportunities. Structural discrimination.

-if a racist ideology dominates an internal colonialist society, racism penetrates society

- "X" in a society that is created and is taken for granted/ appears to be inevitable

-"X" need NOT have existed, and is NOT inevitable

-race is socially constructed

1. racial classification is outmoded

2. We choose to name sub-species

3. Division based on skin color is a social convention

4. the fact of skin color is a similarity

-today NBA is 80% black

-young blacks focus on athletics for opportunity, while continued history of US blacks living in poverty and left out of good education

-East African Sprinters- fast twitch fibers

- West African LD Runners- Slow twitch fibers

-we can't research this or fully understand diet/training/genetic-environmental relationships

-populations have different traits b/c of natural selection

-AFAMs who dominate fast twitch sports have only 6-40% relations to West African descent

-all skin color has to do with is melanin production

-individual related to wider society

-audience for behavior influences

-symbolic world

-language

-labels have associated characteristics

-affect self-image

-perception of others

*focus on how society affects individuals

*important for racial identity (internal/external and rooted in sense of sameness or difference, defines ourselves and our relationships to others)

-not just how we define ourselves

-how we are marked racially has real consequences, and changes with time and location

-Both US and LA relied on slaves to meet labour needs

-money whitens in LA

-In Puerto Rico, race based on socio-economic definitions of the person

-in US race based on genetic inheritance, never changing

-many hispanics in US will identify as other, but classified as white in LA countries

Zinn on creation of race/racism. Question of racism as natural

-intense need for labor in US colonies

-early 1600s africans considered impressive

-1619, blacks arrived. Religion was more important than color

-Blacks becoming lowest class was gradual

-Euro indentured servants replaced w/African slaves

-Africans were endless and ideal labor supply- Identifiable

-White was born

-Lower class Europeans went up in class(started identifying as white) while slavery increased

-whites afraid low class euros and blacks would join together

- slavery and blackness went together

-huge fear of blacks overthrowing whites

-slavery. TJ's Notes of VA- 1st person to articulate racial differences. All men created equal, but not all count as men.

-Agassiz/Knot/Morton- created American racism w/ Science

-"Types of Mankind"=bestseller

-Citizenship, racial laws create racism and segregation (plessy, ozawa, Thind)

1914, Thind applied for naturalization (South Asian Indian=caucasian), was granted citizenship, but then was reversed due to Average Man Argument- he didn't look white (common sense that he is not white)

-65 South Asian Indians Denaturalized after this

1. US did not become a white majority by chance

2. Reveals the arbitrary nature of race

3. Power of whiteness. Privileges.

-contemporary ideas for sociology in US (late80s-early 90s)

-race is socially and historically created

-rigidly defined and enforced. white=pure

Omi & Winant:

Hypo-descent (Marvin Harris)

affiliation with the subordinate rather than the superordinate group to avoid ambiguity.

-an invention in the US to keep biological facts from intruding into racist fantasies

Omi & Winant-

Racial Etiquette

-rules for interaction between peoof ple the same and different racial groups based on our perceptions of race in a racial society.

-race becomes "common sense"

-skin color "differences" are throught to explain intellectual and physical differences, artistic temperaments, and justify different treatment

Omi & Winant,

evolution of categories of black and white

-"black" evolved with slavery and the "color line"

-slavery brought a racially based society

-"white" subject to challenge with immigrants in 19th century

-racialization- idealogical process and historically specific

-emerges from competing polistical projects and ideals seeking to articulate the same things as different

-"white" created by working class themselves with the end of Reconstruction in 1877

Bonilla-Silva

Racialized Social Systems Approach

-agrees with Omi & Winant

-relations among races. SUperior race gets all the benefits, including psychological reward for being the better group

-meaning of race challenged individually and collectively

-social, economic, political determine impotance and content of racial categories

-central axis= race

-race is not an illusion, but is unstable and transformed constantly by political struggle

Bonilla-Silva,

Racialized Social Systems

-group in superior position gets...

-economic reward

-labor market benefits

-primary position in politics

-higher social estimation

-boundaries

-pschological wage

Bonilla-Silva,

racialization

-races develop different interests

-racial contestation for social, political, economic, idealogical gains

Bonilla-Silva,

Major Conclusions

-racial idealogy provides the rationalization for social, political, economic relations amond races

-it provides the rules and structure of a racial society

-Racism should be studied from racialization

-After racial stratification is established, race=independent criterion for social hierarchy

-racial phenomena are viewed as normal part of societal structure

-changes in racism are explained rather than described. change becomes normal

-racial contacts depend on process of racialization

-Racially motivated behavior is rational b/c based on interests  of that race's interests

-must eliminate racialization to end racial society

 -sterotypes relate and produce a group's place in society

-race shapes social systems

Sweatt v. Painter

UT law school for blacks created for him, seperate school failed to give him adequate education. Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson seperate but equal. 1950

-schools are funded by state funds and property taxes

-system creates unequal schools b.c different property values

-expenditures by students vary tremendously within states

-k-12 schools still as segregated as 70's, more so in North. Failure of Supreme court to see segregation in housing and education

-higher property taxes= more funding for that school

- population/demographic change

-education

-labor markets

-economic status

-health status

-crime

-housing

-NY suburban school

-hispanic and blacks (very few) assigned to retarded classes

-really nice school, rich area, high property taxes

-indefinitely better education thatn PS 79

-post WWI and II, white men to war black migration north, central cities had the jobs

-Pull factos- racism, escape slavery in south, debt from share-cropping (fees to rent,work,purchase land)

-created in 1934

-insures mortgage loans

-set insurance standards

-decided who was too risky for loans

-discrimination in white neghborhoods created concentrated black areas

-restrictive covenants

-Post-WWII= white men returned from war and claimed jobs, sent blacks to service jobs, severe housing crisis (depression), Gov't creates GI bill for vets, home ownership and loans increase- discrimination 

-sound investment areas. Unstable housing redlined

-Black neighborhoods redlined due to inequality in job market, poorer "unstable neighborhoods" inelligible for mortgage loans

-Stable neighborhoods= 90% same race (white)

-real estate agents made whites fearful of blacks moving in (panic peddlers), causing a decline in property value (mixed neighborhoods=unstable)

- Agents made more $ by making whites move to more expensive areas then reselling home in transition to blacks

- prices inflated for blacks (bought -10%, sold +10%)

-construction of white suburbs, black cities

Racial Preferences for neighborhoods

- Blacks (85%) want 50-50

-whites want 20% minority at most

-25% whites uncomfortable with one black family

-92-94 study, 60% whites comfortable with 1/3rd black, but 45% would choose to live there

-whites most comfortable with asians then latinos then blacks

-likelihood of blacks receiving discrimination- 53% rental, 59% housing (1990s)

-receive discrimination 61-77% of time

1. Blacks=most extreme segregation in metropolitan areas

2. Not attribute to class

3. Whites still have anti-black sentiments, not ready for integrated neighborhoods

4. Color prejudice extends to dark-skinned hispanics

5. these biases don't extend to light skinned hispanics or asians

6. As a result of segregation, poor blacks are forced to live in intensely poor/bad areas

7. As result of exposure to high rates of neighborhood poverty, Blacks are at higher risk to educational failure, homelessness, job loss, crime, unwed childbearing, premature death

Shapiro's argument on Wealth Gap- 3 ideas

1. Family inheritance adn continuing discrimination in areas like home ownership are reversing gains earned in school and on the job, making inequality worse

2. These inheritances amount to transformative asses- ability for inherited wealth to lift a family beyond where society places them

3. the way families use head-start assets is affected by their race and class

-black household makes 59 cents earned by white household

-black families possess only 10 cents for every dollar white families have. (net worth)

-black-white gap grew by $16,000 (1988-1999)

-cost of being either black or white is $136,174

-middle class black families earn 26 cents compared to every dollar middle class whites earn

-attitudes and beliefs

-treatment towards individuals b/c of racial or ethnic background

-jokes-violence

-at group level= systematic oppression and unequal treatment

- (Wellman), culturally sanctioned beliefs that defend white advantages b/c of subordinate position of racial minorities

-(Cazenave and Madden), organized system of race based group privilege held together by race supremacy

-racist systems include racial bigotry

-has messages, institutional policies, practices, and beliefs and actions

1. feeling superior

2. subordinate race is different/alien

3. feel entitled to areas of privilege/advantage

4. fear that subordinate race wants what dominant race has

1. all weather liberal

2. fair-weather liberal (non-prejudiced discriminator)

3. fair-weather bigot (prejudiced, non-discriminator)

4. all weather bigot (prejudiced, discriminator)

1. avoidance

2. rejection

3. Verbal attacks

4. Physical threats

5. physical threats and attacks by other whites

- whiteness is universalized

- invisibility of whiteness masks power

- white people are the beneficiaries of privilege

-racism has changed since Jim Crow

- new form has increased political,social,economic value of whiteness today

- past 2 decades of the gap increasing stems from liberal's individualism making it hard to understand one's advantage corresponds to another's disadvantage