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| A site where 2 or more skeletal elements join or come together. The skeletal elements may be cartilage or bone. Movement may or may not be the characteristic of the joint. |
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| Major cause of osteoarthritis? |
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| natural wear on tear on joints |
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| Much more severe, an autoimmune disease |
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| a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone; cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints |
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| a torn ligament or tendon |
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| you've pulled one of the skeletal elements out of the joint capsule |
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| can be caused by deer ticks |
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| A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction; only truly possible at ball and socket joints; example: serving in tennis |
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| Knee joint is __axial joint? |
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| biaxial--flex/extend and rotation |
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| soles tip towards each other |
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| clicking, limitation of movement at the jaw |
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| Inversion and Eversion occur at the ______ joints? |
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| smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
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| Major characteristics of all muscle cells |
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Definition
| producing movement, contain actin and myosin |
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| moves the skeleton, tongue, eyes, diaphragm, etc; aka voluntary muscle; must have innervation to contract |
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| homogeneous appearance; moves all other organs and blood vessels |
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| What are the connective tissue sheaths that hold sk muscle together? |
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Definition
| epimesium, perimysium, endomysium; connect muscle to skin, bone, etc; pathway for nerves and vessels |
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| surrounds entire muscle, gives it a discrete shape |
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| surrounds groups of muscle fibers (fassicles) |
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| surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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| large, long, multinucleated |
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| muscle to tendons and tendon to bone |
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| What kind of tissue forms the tendon? |
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Definition
| dense regular connective tissue |
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| contains the thin filaments |
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Definition
| where the thin and thick filaments do not overlap |
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Definition
| center of the I band: where the thin filaments are anchored |
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| What gets shorter and what stays the same in the sarcomere? |
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Definition
-Entire sarcomere and I band gets shorter
-A bands remain same width |
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Definition
| Axon releases Ach, Ach binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, sodium enters the cell sarcolemma and along T-tubules |
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Definition
| a motor neuron and all the myofibers it innervates |
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| How does Botox work to relieve tension in the skin around the eyes? |
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Definition
| paralyzes the muscles by blocking Ach release |
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Definition
| helps determine range of motion and helps determine force that can be generated |
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Definition
| depends on length, for more range of motion you want longer muscle fibers |
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| Force is dependent on what architecture of muscle? |
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Definition
| cross-sectional area, related to # of muscle fibers |
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Definition
| enlargement, you demand more of the muscle |
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Definition
| muscle shrinks, when muscle is not challenged, either because you are bed-ridden or if nerve damage occurs to nerve that innervates that muscle |
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| How do muscles change in response to anabolic steroids? |
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Definition
| stimulate muscle growth, simulate Testosterone |
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| Three diff types of contraction |
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Definition
1) Isometric--myofibers stay the same length, ex: postural, keep position, hold something in place
2) Concentric: myofibers get shorter; ex: lift a burger to your mouth
3) Eccentric: myofibers get longer |
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Term
| the 6 extraocular muscles |
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Definition
| superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique |
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| Where do the muscles of facial expression attach? |
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| acts as a sphincter to close the eye lids; distributes the tears to keep eyes moist; potential problems if these muscles were paralyzed?--eyes would dry out, damage to cornea |
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| ex: in smiling; joint involved? None!; muscle pulls the skin toward the origin |
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| moves lips when closing, pursing, or protruding them |
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| forms the cheek wall; helps keep food in between the teeth while chewing; other things it does: whistling, blowing, sucking |
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| Wrinkles form ____ to the muscles of facial expression |
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Definition
| Perpendicular; this is b/c of the stress put on the skin when the muscles contract |
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| What are the bony attachments of the sternocleidomastoid? (hint: in the name) |
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Definition
| sternum, clavicle, mastoid |
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| turns head to the left; aBducts head to the right |
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| turns head to the right; aBducts head to the left |
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| both right and left SCM acting simultaneously |
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Definition
| would bring the head down; flexion at cervical intervertebral joints |
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Definition
| flexes the vertebral column and trunk |
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| External abdominal oblique |
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Definition
| flexes the vertebral column and truck when contracting bilaterally; when contracting unilaterally: rroates trunk toward opposite side and aBducts trunk toward same side |
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| Internal abdominal oblique |
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Definition
| Flexes vertebral column and trunk when contracts bilaterally; when acting unilaterally: rotates and aBducts trunk towards the same side |
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| compresses the abdominal and pelvic organs; such as in coughing, vomiting, defecation, child birth |
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| If you put your hands in your pocket... |
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Definition
-way your fingers are pointed: orientation of the external oblique
- way your thumb is pointed: orientation of the internal oblique |
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