Term
| Describe the ramp like recruitment of muscle fibers |
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Definition
| We first recruit slow twitch muscle fibers. As muscle force increases, recruitment of Type I muscle fibers increase as we add first Type IIA then Type IIB fibers. |
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Term
| describe the relationship between muscle force and types of muscle fibers activated |
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Definition
| The total amount of force generated is a function of how many of the percentage of Type II muscle fibers activated |
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Term
| which is a stronger fiber: Type I or Type II? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an organized group of muscle fibers that are all the same type |
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Term
| describe the relationship between muscle force and muscle units activated |
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Definition
| We first recruit small motor units with small Type I motor fibers. Next, we recruit larger motor units with larger Type I motor fibers. Then we begin to recruit small Type 2 motor units. Then we begin to activate larger motor units with large Type 2 fibers |
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Term
| which has a higher activation threshold: Type 1 or Type 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| what influences protein synthesis and degradation at the cellular level? |
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Definition
| training, nutritional status, endocrine status |
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Term
| what types of proteins do we see in muscle cells? |
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Definition
| enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| internally coded, inheritable information that is carried by all living organisms and that holds the critical instructions that are used and interpreted by the cellular machinery of cells to produce the phenotype |
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Term
| what do we call the expression of our genotype that we can see? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the outward, physical manifestation of the genotype |
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Term
| what happens to our genotype and phenotype when we become more active? |
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Definition
| when we become more active, we can make the phenotype of our proteins closer to their genotype |
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Term
| can training improve our phenotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| can training improve our genotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does high frequency, low force exercise change the cross-sectional area of the muscle? |
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Definition
| minimally; you will not develop lots more contractile proteins |
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Term
| how does high frequency, low force exercise affect ATP? |
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Definition
| increases ATP production by increasing mitochondrial and glycolytic enzymes |
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Term
| how does high frequency, low force exercise change onset of metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
| delays onset of metabolic acidosis |
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Term
| how does high frequency, low force exercise change oxidation of free fatty acids? |
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Definition
| increases oxidation of free fatty acids |
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Term
| how does high frequency, low force exercise affect carbohydrate utilization? |
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Definition
| increases conservation of carbohydrate utilization |
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Term
| how do low frequency, high force exercises change cross sectional area of the muscle? |
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Definition
| increases cross sectional area by increasing contractile elements hat give muscle greater force and power |
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Term
| how does low frequency, high force exercise change mitochondrial density? |
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Definition
| decreases mitochondrial density |
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Term
| how does low frequency, high force exercise affect aerobic capacity? |
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Definition
| decreases aerobic capacity |
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Term
| how does low frequency, high force exercise change ATP-PC stores? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does low frequency, high force exercise affect glycolytic enzymes |
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Definition
| increases glycolytic enzymes |
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Term
| how does low frequency, high force exercise affect anaerobic capacity |
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Definition
| increases anaerobic capacity |
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Term
| how does low frequency, high force exercise affect capillary density |
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Definition
| decreases capillary density |
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Term
| how does low frequency, high force exercise affect recruitment patterns? |
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Definition
| improved: able to recruit more, large motor units |
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Term
| what is the principle of myoplasticity? |
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Definition
| fibers can be changed and adapted within limits |
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Term
| can mitochondria change in muscle with training? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does mitochondria change with aerobic training |
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Definition
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Term
| how does mitochondria change with resistance training |
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Definition
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Term
| do other phenotype characteristics show as much adapatability as mitochondria with training? |
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Definition
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Term
| does biochemistry of a muscle fiber change with training? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does biochemistry change with training? |
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Definition
| I can add and remove enzymes for energy producing pathways to make the fiber more glycolytic or oxidative |
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Term
| what determines the functional aspects of the muscle fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
| can the motor neuron experience plasticity with training? |
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Definition
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Term
| what attaches to what in the sliding filament process? |
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Definition
| myosin molecule attaches to an actin contractile protein |
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Term
| what determins the sliding in the slidiing filament process? |
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Definition
| sliding is a function of how quickly the myosin can swivel and pull the action across the myosin |
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Term
| what influences how quickly the myosin head can swivel and pull the actin across the myosin? |
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Definition
| training and the type of chain of the myosin head: myosin heavy chain is plastic and can get better with certain types of training |
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Term
| can the myosin chain I form get faster with training? |
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Definition
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Term
| is the myosin chain I form fast or slow with its swivel stroke? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| can myosin chain 2 forms get faster with their swivel stroke? |
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Definition
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Term
| can myosin chain 2 forms get slower with their swivel stroke? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| can myosin ATPase change with training? |
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Definition
| yes. Endurance training can push the isoform of the ATPase from 2 to 1 |
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Term
| is myosin ATPase type 1 or 2 faster at hydrolysis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the effect of endurance training on type 2 fibers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the effect of resistance training on type 1 fibers? |
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Definition
| makes them a little faster, more like type 2a fibers |
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Term
| what are the components of a muscle fiber that are plastic? |
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Definition
| structural, biocehmical components |
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Term
| what are the structural and biochemical components of muscle fibers that are palstic |
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Definition
| energy substrate, enzymatic profile, myosin chain, myosin ATPase, cross sectional area, mitochondrial densit, capillary density |
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Term
| what is not plastic about muscle fibers |
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Definition
| components related to the motor neuron |
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Term
| what does motor learning control regarding muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| size, myelination, recruitment threshold |
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Term
| can the twitch response, fatiguability, and relaxation time change in a muscle fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
| what influences a muscle's recruitment pattern and skill? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| the individual bundles of muscle fibers within the epimysium |
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Term
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Definition
| layer that surrounds the fascicle |
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Term
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Definition
| layer that surrounds the muscle fiber |
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Term
| What makes the myosin realize that the actin sites are uncovered by tropomyosin and that it is safe to bind? |
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Definition
| ATP binds to myosin head and is hydrolyzed to ADP, liberating energy to activate myosin head to attach to actin |
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Term
| what is the gold standard for histology of muscle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| threadlike structures that contain the contractile proteins |
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Term
| what are myofibrils composed of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the thick protein filament called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the thin protein filament called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 2 proteins attached to actin |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the subumit of the myofibril |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| location of myosin filamints |
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Term
|
Definition
| location of the actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| center of the sarcomere at rest where there is a portion of the myosin filament with no H zone |
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Term
| what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| system of tubules around the myofibrils that store calcium for muscle contraction |
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Term
| what causes actual contraction of the muscle |
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Definition
| actin slides over myosin causing muscle to shorten |
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Term
| what is another name of the sliding filament model |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what happens in the sliding filament model |
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Definition
| actin slides oer myosin, shortening sarcomere length |
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|
Term
| what is the orientation of the myosin heads? |
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Definition
| the myosin heads are oriented toward the actin molecule |
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Term
| what must furst arrive to trigger the muscle membrane into muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| action potential must arrive |
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|
Term
| what is the pathway of events that must occur prior to the protein filament actions of muscle shortening |
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Definition
| 1. nerve impulse arrives at NMJ. 2. action potential from motor neuron causes release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft of the NMJ. 3. AcH binds to receptors on the motor end plate, producing a motor end plate potential that depolarizes the muscle cell. 4. the depolarization is conducted down the transverse tuules into the muscle fiber. When the action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium is relased and diffuses into the muscle to bind to troponin |
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Term
|
Definition
| a thin molecule that lies in a groove between the double rows of actin |
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|
Term
| what is troponin attached to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does tropomyosin do in a relaxed muscle? |
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Definition
| block the acive sites where myosin cross bridges want to attach on actin |
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|
Term
| what must be released into the sarcolemma for a myosin cross bridge to attach to actin? |
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Definition
| calcim from the terminal cisternae of the sarcolpasmic reticulum |
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|
Term
| what does the calcium bind to that allows the myosin to bind to actin? |
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Definition
| calcium binds to troponin, which causes a position change in tropomyosin |
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|
Term
| what does the cross bridge binding of myosin and actin do? |
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Definition
| initiates release of energy stored in myosin to produce an angular movement resultgin in muscle shortnening |
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|
Term
| what is needed to detach myosin from actin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why are muscles at rest so easily stretched? |
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Definition
| actin and myosin are not firmly attached |
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|
Term
| does a muscle have one or many types of fibers |
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Definition
| a muscle can have multiple fiber types |
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|
Term
| what is the twitch property of a slow twitch muscle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the twitch properties of a Type IIA muscle fiber |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the twitch properties of a type IIB muscle fiber |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the metabolic properties of a type I muscle fiber |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the metabolic properties of a type IIA muscle fiber |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the metabolic properties of a type IIB muscle fiber |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the motor neuron type for Type I muscle fibers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the motor neuron type for type II muscle fibers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neuron size for type I muscle fibers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neuron size for type II muscle fibers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the conduction velocity for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the conduction velocity for type II muscle fibers motor neurons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the recruitment threshold for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the recruitment threshold for type II muscle fibers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the force production for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the force production for type IIA muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the force production for type IIB muscle fibers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fatigue resistance for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fatigue resistance for type IIA muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fatigue resistance for type IIB muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the elasticity for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the elasticity for type II muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mitochondrial density for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mitochondrial density for type IIA muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mitochondrial density for type IIB muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the z line thickness for type I muscle fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the z line thickiness for type IIA muscle fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the z line thickness for type IIB muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the capillary density for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the capillary density for type IIA muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the capillary density for type IIB muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the myoglobin content for type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the myoglobin content for type IIA muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the myoglobin content for type IIB muscle fibers/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hypertrophic response to type I muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hypertrophic response to type II muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does velocity of movement change as force increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does power output change as velocity increases? |
|
Definition
| power output increases until a point, then it gradually decreases |
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