Term
|
Definition
| Visceral Sensory (Afferent) Neurons - Chemoreceptors & Mechanoreceptors |
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Term
| What are Afferent Neurons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Visceral Motor (Efferent) Neurons - Regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activity |
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Term
| What are Efferent Neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurons regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurons regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activity? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations. |
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Term
| What are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into the blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemoreceptors are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do chemoreceptors detect changes in chemical concentrations? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a mechanoreceptor? |
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Definition
| A sense organ, or cell, that responds to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, or sound. |
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Term
| What's a sense organ, or cell, that responds to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, or sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's a sense organ that responds to mechanical stimuli? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a sense organ that responds to touch? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS be stimulatory and inhibitor? Or do they have to be one or the other? |
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Definition
| Both: Parasympathetic division (rest and digest) - stimulate contraction of the urinary bladder and inhibit the heart. Sympathetic division (fight or flight) - Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the blood vessels and dilates respiratory passageways. |
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Term
| What can the Parasympathetic division (rest and digest) and Sympathetic division (fight or flight) both do? |
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Definition
| They can be stimulatory and inhibitor. |
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Term
| What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions part of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic division known for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe how the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions can be either stimulatory or inhibitory. |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic (rest and digest) - stimulate contraction of the urinary bladder and inhibit the heart. Sympathetic (fight or flight) - Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the blood vessels and dilates respiratory passageways. |
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|
Term
| Rest and digest of the parasympathetic division, and fight or flight of the sympathetic division, describe what? |
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Definition
| How parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions can be either stimulatory or inhibitory. |
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Term
| How can the parasympathetic division be stimulatory? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the urinary bladder. |
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|
Term
| How can the parasympathetic division be inhibitory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is an antagonist duel innervation? Example. |
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Definition
| When one organ's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, then the effects are opposite at times. GI tract - Parasympathetic: stimulates glandular secretions. Sympathetic: decreases glandular secretions. |
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Term
| What's it called when one organ's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, then the effects are opposite at times. For example, the GI Tract - Parasympathetic: stimulates glandular secretions. Sympathetic: decreases glandular secretions. |
|
Definition
| Antagonistic duel innervation. |
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|
Term
| What's antagonistic duel innervation? |
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Definition
| When one organ's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, then the effects are opposite at times. |
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|
Term
| What's an example of antagonistic duel innervation? |
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Definition
| GI Tract - Parasympathetic: stimulates glandular secretions. Sympathetic: decreases glandular secretions. |
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Term
| What's a complementary duel innervation? Example? |
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Definition
| Sometimes, effects complement each other. Salivary glands - Parasympathetic: stimulates the production of a large volume of thin, watery saliva. Sympathetic: stimulates the production of a small volume of viscous saliva. |
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Term
| What's it called when effects complement each other? For example, salivary glands - Parasympathetic: stimulates the production of a large volume of thin, watery saliva. Sympathetic: stimulates the production of a small volume of viscous saliva. |
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Definition
| Complementary duel innervation. |
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|
Term
| What's complementary duel innervation? |
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Definition
| When Parasympathetic and Sympathetic effects complement each other. |
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|
Term
| What's an example of complementary duel innervation. |
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Definition
| Salivary glands - Parasympathetic: stimulates the production of a large volume of thin, watery saliva. Sympathetic: stimulates the production of a small volume of viscous saliva. |
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Term
| What's a cooperative duel innervation? Example? |
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Definition
| Sometimes the effects are cooperative. Coitus - Parasympathetic: involved in arousal. Sympathetic: causes reproduction structures to release secretions to initiate ejaculation. |
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Term
| What's it called when the effects are cooperative? For example, coitus - Parasympathetic: involved in arousal. Sympathetic: causes reproduction structures to release secretions to initiate ejaculation. |
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Definition
| Cooperative duel innervation. |
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|
Term
| What's cooperative duel innervation? |
|
Definition
| When parasympathetic and sympathetic effects are cooperative. |
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|
Term
| What's an example of cooperative duel innervation? |
|
Definition
| Coitus - Parasympathetic: involved in arousal. Sympathetic: causes reproduction structures to release secretions to initiate ejaculation. |
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|
Term
| Which organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
| Heart, GI tract (parasympathetic exhibits a greater effect here), Urinary bladder, and Reproductive tract. |
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Term
| What do the heart, GI tract, Urinary bladder, and Reproductive tract have in common? |
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Definition
| They are all organs that are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. |
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|
Term
| What's an organ that's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an organ that's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? |
|
Definition
| GI tract (parasympathetic exhibits a greater effect here) |
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|
Term
| Which are more one than the other? |
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Definition
| Sweat Glands and Blood Vessels are innervated by sympathetic neurons. |
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Term
| What are sweat gland and blood vessels innervated by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of something innervated by Sympathetic neurons? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are blood vessels innervated by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS. |
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Definition
| Generally associated w/resting conditions. Location of preganglionic neurons (Superior and Inferior to the sympathetic neurons, some cranial nerves, some pelvic nerves). Energy conservation - restoration system. |
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Term
| What does this describe? Generally associated w/resting conditions. Location of preganglionic neurons (Superior and inferior to the sympathetic neurons, some cranial nerves, some pelvic nerves.) Energy conservation - restoration system. |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic division of the ANS. |
|
|
Term
| What's generally associated w/resting conditions? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic division of the ANS. |
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|
Term
| What's the location of preganglionic neurons (Superior and inferior to the sympathetic neurons, some cranial nerves, some pelvic nerves)? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic division of the ANS. |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 major parasympathetic responses? |
|
Definition
| SLUDD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defecation. |
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|
Term
| What's SLUDD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defection? |
|
Definition
| The 5 major parasympathetic responses. |
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|
Term
| What's an example parasympathetic response? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lacrimation is an example of what kind of response? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some other parasympathetic responses? |
|
Definition
| Decrease heart rate. Paradoxical fear (backed in a corner, lose control of bowels and urinate) |
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|
Term
| What kind of responses are these? Decrease heart rate. Paradoxical fear (backed in a corner, lose control of bowels and urinate) |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic responses. |
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|
Term
| What's an example of a parasympathetic response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of response is paradoxical fear (backed in a corner, lose control of bowels and urinate)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the sympathetic division of the ANS. |
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Definition
| Influences activities regarding stress or physical activity. Prepares body for emergencies. Uses energy. |
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Term
| What influences activities regarding stress or physical activity, prepares body for emergencies, and uses energy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Provide a description of the sympathetic division of the ANS. |
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Definition
| Influences activities regarding stress or physical activity. |
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Term
| What division of the ANS prepares the body for emergencies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the responses of the sympathetic divisions? |
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Definition
| Controls "fight or flight." Pupils dilate. Increase heart rate and blood pressure. GI tract vessels constrict (not needed). Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow. Breathing rate increases, airways dilate. Blood glucose levels rise. Release epi. and norepinephrine. Inhibit nonessential responses. |
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|
Term
| What controls "fight or flight", dilates pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, constricts GI tract vessels (not needed), dilates blood vessels to increase blood flow, increases breathing rate, dilates airways, raises blood glucose levels, releases epi. and nonrepinephrine, and inhibits nonessential responses? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What's an example of a sympathetic division response? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Pupils dilate is a response of what division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the enteric division of the ANS |
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Definition
| The enteric nervous system's a division of the autonomic nervous system that controls gastrointestinal motility and secretions. It can, and often does, function independently of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| What's a division of the autonomic nervous system that controls gastrointestinal motility and secretions? It can, and often does, function independently of the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| The enteric division of the ANS. |
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|
Term
| The enteric division of the ANS is a division of which nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a division of the system that controls gastrointestinal motility and secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS. ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract. Enteric neurons. |
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|
Term
| Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS. ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract. Enteric neurons. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of something that consists of nerve plexuses? |
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS. |
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|
Term
| ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract consist of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are enteric neurons? |
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons that monitor the chemical composition of the digestive tract or monitor stretch of the digestive tract walls. Motor neurons that can stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion. Interneurons that connect the sensory and motor neurons. |
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|
Term
| Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sensory neurons (enteric)? |
|
Definition
| Monitor the chemical composition of the digestive tract or monitor stretch of the digestive tract walls. |
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|
Term
| What are motor neurons (enteric)? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion. |
|
|
Term
| Define sensation. Define perception. |
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Definition
| Sensation - conscience or subconscious awareness of external stimuli. Perception - conscience awareness and interpretation of sensations performed mainly y the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| Conscience or subconscious awareness of external stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Conscience awareness and interpretation of sensations performed mainly by the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conscience or subconscious awareness of external stimuli. |
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|
Term
| What's a sensory modality? What does it include? How are they grouped? |
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Definition
| Each type of sensation's called a sensory modality. Touch, pain, vision, hearing. Grouped into either general senses or special senses. |
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|
Term
| Each type of sensation is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Touch, pain, vision, and hearing are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General and special senses group what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are general senses? Special senses? |
|
Definition
| General sensation - somatic (tactile, thermal, proprioceptive); visceral-pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, temperature. Special senses - smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium. |
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|
Term
| Somatic (tactile, thermal, proprioceptive); visceral-pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, and temperature. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of general sensation? |
|
Definition
| Somatic (tactile, thermal, proprioceptive) |
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|
Term
| What are free nerve endings used to detect? |
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Definition
| Pain, temp, tickle, itch, some touch |
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|
Term
| What detects pain, temp, tickle, itch, and some touch? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of something free nerve endings detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are encapsulated nerve endings used to detect? |
|
Definition
| pressure, vibration, and some touch |
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|
Term
| Pressure, vibration, and some touch are detected by? |
|
Definition
| Encapsulated nerve endings |
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|
Term
| What's an example of what encapsulated nerve endings detect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's vibration detected by? |
|
Definition
| Encapsulated nerve endings. |
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|
Term
| What are gustatory receptors cells used for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptors cells are used in taste buds? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are photoreceptors used for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Retina of the eye uses what receptors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hair cells used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells in the inner ear are used for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe exteroceptors, interreceptor, and proprioceptors? |
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Definition
| Exteroreceptors - include hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain. Interoreceptors - monitor the body's internal environment. Proprioceptors - provide info about body position, muscle length, and tension and the position and movement of joints. |
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|
Term
| Include hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are somatic sensations? |
|
Definition
| Include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive |
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|
Term
| What includes tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of a somatic sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of sensation is thermal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are tactile sensations? |
|
Definition
| touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle |
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|
Term
| What kind of sensations are touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of tactile sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of sensation is pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe crude and discriminative touch. |
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Definition
| Sort of know where you are being touched. |
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|
Term
| What's it called when you sort of know where you're being touched? |
|
Definition
| Crude and discriminative touch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sort of know where you're being touched. |
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|
Term
| What's it called when you sort of know where you're being touched? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptors do discriminative touch use? |
|
Definition
| You know exactly where you're being touched. |
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|
Term
| You know exactly where you're being touched. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor's used for pressure? |
|
Definition
| Messiners corpuscles and Tactile discs. |
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|
Term
| Messiners corpuscles and Tactile discs are receptors used for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor causes an itch? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the receptor Pacinian corpuscles cause? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor causes a tickle? Can you do this to yourself? |
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Definition
| Free nerve endings. The only one you will not be able to fully elicit on is yourself. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the only sense you will not be able to fully elicit on yourself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor does thermal sensation come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermoreceptors cause what kind of sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor does pain come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nociceptor receptor creates what kind of sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 types of pain. |
|
Definition
| Acute - rapid, not felt deeply, sharp, pricking. Deep - muscles, joints, tendons, fascia. Visceral - organ pain. |
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|
Term
| How many types of pain are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of pain? |
|
Definition
| Acute, Deep, and Visceral |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, not felt deeply, sharp, pricking |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain that's felt in a surface area away from the stimulated organ. |
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|
Term
| What's pain that's felt in a surface area away from the stimulated organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experienced by patients that have had a limb removed. Nerve impulses arise from the proximal end where the limb used to be attached. |
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|
Term
| What's experienced by patients that have had a limb removed? Nerve impulses arise from the proximal end where the limb used to be attached. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe learning and memory (long and short term) |
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Definition
| Learning - ability to acquire new knowledge. Memory: Short term - temporary like remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. Long term - short term memory can be transferred. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability to acquire new knowledge. |
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|
Term
| Describe short term memory. |
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Definition
| Temporary, like remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. |
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|
Term
| Describe long term memory. |
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Definition
| Short term memory can be transferred. |
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|
Term
| What system does the wakefulness and sleep rely on? |
|
Definition
| Reticular activating system (RAS) |
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|
Term
| Reticular activating system (RAS) helps what system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wakefulness relies on what? |
|
Definition
| Reticular activating system (RAS) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Reticular activating system (RAS) |
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|
Term
| How many olfactory receptors are found in the nose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains 10-100 million receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are olfactory receptors found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptors are in the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfactory epithelium acts as olfactory receptors. What areas do they cover? |
|
Definition
| Inferior surface of the cribriform. |
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|
Term
| What covers the inferior surface of the cribriform? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does olfactory epithelium act as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can olfactory receptors be found? |
|
Definition
| inferior surface of the cribriform. |
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|
Term
| About how many mg/ml of a molecule needs to be in the air for it to be picked up by the olfactory receptors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 1/25,000,000,000 mg/l of a molecule are needed by what receptors to be picked up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an odorant? How do they work? |
|
Definition
| Airborne molecules that become dissolved in the fluid surrounding the epithelium. Bind to chemoreceptors in the nose. Olfactory hairs depolarize. There are 4k detectable smells. |
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|
Term
| What are airborne molecules that become dissolved in the fluid surrounding the epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the olfactory pathway. |
|
Definition
| Olfactory neurons in the epithelium > Olfactory bulbs > Olfactory tract > Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve) |
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|
Term
| What's the first step of the olfactory pathway? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory neurons in the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What's the second step of the olfactory pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the third step of the olfactory pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 parts of the olfactory cortex and their function. |
|
Definition
| Lateral area - conscious perception of smell. Medial area - visceral and emotional reactions to odors, connected to the limbic system. Intermediate area - modulation of sensory information. |
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|
Term
| Describe the lateral area of the olfactory cortex. |
|
Definition
| Conscious perception of smell. |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of the medial area of the olfactory cortex? |
|
Definition
| Visceral and emotional reactions to odors, connected to the limbic system. |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of the intermediate area of the olfactory cortex? |
|
Definition
| Modulation of sensory information. |
|
|
Term
| What are gustatory receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptors are in taste buds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how many taste buds are found on the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10k of these are found on the tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small rounded bumps on the tongue that have tactile receptors, but not taste receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are small rounded bumps on the tongue that have tactile receptors, but not taste receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the taste buds found? Where are they found in children? |
|
Definition
| Taste buds are found around the papillae. On children they're also found on the lips and throat. |
|
|
Term
| Where are taste buds found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe gustatory (taste) cells. |
|
Definition
| Have no axons. Neurotransmitters stimulate action potentials in sensory neurons around them. |
|
|
Term
| What have no axons, and have neurotransmitters that stimulate action potentials in sensory neurons around them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are gustatory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe gustatory hairs. Describe how they work. |
|
Definition
| Fine hair filaments that are found on the tongue. Chemical must be dissolved in saliva to taste, make contact w/gustatory hairs on taste buds for signal transduction to occur. |
|
|
Term
| What are fine hair filaments that are found on the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must happen to taste? |
|
Definition
| Chemical must be dissolved in saliva, make contact w/gustatory hairs on taste buds for signal transduction to occur. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 primary taste sensations? |
|
Definition
| Sour - detects acidity. Salty - dissolve through Na+ channels. Bitter - G protein (Most sensitive, may be protective, many alkaloids are poisonous [plant sources]). Sweet - G protein. Umami. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bind the guanine nucleotides GDP and GTP |
|
|
Term
| What bind the guanine nucleotides GDP and GTP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of taste in food (besides sweet, sour, salt, and bitter), corresponding to the flavor of glutamates, especially monosodium glutamate. |
|
|
Term
| What's a category of taste in food (besides sweet, sour, salt, and bitter), corresponding to the flavor of glutamates, especially monosodium glutamate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What taste sensations are stimulated by G-Proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the taste sensations sweet and bitter stimulated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the gustatory pathway |
|
Definition
| Facial nerve - anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Glossopharyngeal nerve - posterior 1/3 of the tongue. Vagus nerve - throat and epiglottis. |
|
|
Term
| What do the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve comprise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for seeing shades of grey in dim light; contains the protein rhodopsin (In bright light, more rhodopsin's broken down. In dim light, more rhodopsin's needed to make the retina more light sensitive) |
|
|
Term
| What's responsible for seeing shades of grey in dim light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains the protein rhodosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to rhodopsin in bright light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide color in bright light |
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|
Term
| What provides color in bright light? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contains only cones, area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision) |
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|
Term
| What contains only cones, and is the area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (blind spot) not rods or cones, can't see image that strikes the blind spot. |
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Term
| What's a blind spot, has no rods or cones, and if an image strikes it we can't see it? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has no rods or cones? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nourishes the lens and cornea. maintains intraocular pressure. replaced every 90 mins. maintains shape of eyeball. keeps retinal pressures against choroids. |
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|
Term
| nourishes lens and cornea. maintains intraocular pressure. replaced every 90 mins. maintains shape of eyeball. keeps retinal pressures against choroids. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| nourishes the lens and cornea |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| maintains intraocular pressure |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Maintains introcular pressure. Keeps eyeball from collapsing. Holds retina in place. Not replaced. |
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|
Term
| Maintains intraocular pressure. Keeps eyeball from collapsing. Holds retina in place. Not replaced. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| maintains intraocular pressure. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Keeps eyeball from collapsing |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for accommodation and pupil size |
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|
Term
| responsible for accommodation and pupil size |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for accommodation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Responsible for pupil size |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| light bends; occurs in the cornea |
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|
Term
| light bends; occurs in the cornea |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for fine tuning an image and changing the focus |
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|
Term
| responsible for fine tuning an image and changing the focus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for fine tuning an image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for changing the focus |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| increases in the curvature of the lens for near vision. (images that you see are inverted. As the signal's transmitted to the brain, the image's turned upright) |
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Term
| increases in the curvature of the lens for near vision |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the signal's transmitted to the brain |
|
Definition
| the image's turned upright |
|
|
Term
| How do images look on the back of your eye? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do images look inverted? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe distant vision and near vision. |
|
Definition
| Distant vision - the lens' more flattened and image's focused on the retina. Near vision - the lens' more rounded and also focused on the retina. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the lens' more flattened and image's focused on the retina |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| rods - rhodopsin. Cones - 2 dif pigments |
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|
Term
| rods - rhodopsin. cones - 2 dif pigments |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes night blindness |
|
Definition
| deficiency in vitamin A and inability to synthesize rhodopsin |
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|
Term
| describe the neuronal pathway for visual sensations |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve (CNII) > Optic chiasma (where nerve crosses) > Optic tract > Superior colliculi > Visual cortex of occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| Optic nerve (CNII) > Optic chiasma (where nerve crosses) > Optic tract > Superior colliculi > Visual cortex of occipital lobe |
|
Definition
| Neuronal pathway for visual sensations |
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|
Term
| What's the first part of the neuronal pathway for visual sensations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes retinal detachment? |
|
Definition
| Retina separates. Blow to head. Shrinking of vitreous humor. |
|
|
Term
| What's macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
| Loss of acute vision, blackspot appear |
|
|
Term
| What's loss of acute vision, blackspot appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a symptom of macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Label: Auricle (whole ear), Helix (top part of ear), Earlobe (Lobule), External Auditory Canal (where you shouldn't stick qtips), Tympanic membrane (ear drum), Malleus (right above tympanic membrane), Incus (next to Malleus), Stapes (in little oval window), Oval window (under Incus), Round window (covered by secondary tympanic membrane), Cochlea (snail shell), Semicircular canal (snail hat), Vestibulocochlear nerve (superior), Auditory tube (leads to nasopharynx) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the events involved in hearing |
|
Definition
| 1. Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles. 3. Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 4. The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct. 5. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells agains the tectorial membrane. 6. Information about the region and the intensity of stimulation's relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII. |
|
|
Term
| 1. Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles. 3. Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 4. The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct. 5. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. 6. Information about the region and the intensity of stimulation's relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII. |
|
Definition
| The events involved in hearing. |
|
|
Term
| What's the first event involved in hearing? |
|
Definition
| Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of balance? Describe them. What parts of the ear regulate them? |
|
Definition
| Static equilibrium - refers to the maintenance of body position relative to gravity (Saccule and utricle [vestibule]). Dynamic equilibrium - maintenance of body position in response to sudden movement (Semicircular canals). |
|
|
Term
| At what age do smell and taste start to decline? Why do these senses decline? |
|
Definition
| 50. Gradual loss of receptors and slower rate of regeneration. |
|
|
Term
| What happens at age 50, when there's a gradual loss of receptors and slower rate of regeneration? |
|
Definition
| Smell and taste start to decline. |
|
|
Term
| At what age do smell and taste start to decline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's presbyopia? When does it begin? |
|
Definition
| The lens begins to lose elasticity and has difficulty focusing on close objects. Age 40. |
|
|
Term
| What type of visual diseases become more frequent in the elder? |
|
Definition
| Retinal diseases such as macular disease, detached retina, and glaucoma. |
|
|
Term
| What do macular disease, detached retina, and glaucoma have in common? |
|
Definition
| They're visual diseases that become more frequent in the elder. |
|
|
Term
| What's an example of a visual disease that becomes more frequent in the elder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's presbycusis? When does this usually occur? |
|
Definition
| Noticeable hearing loss. Age 60. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's ringing in the ears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the differences b/w exocrine and endocrine glands. |
|
Definition
| Exocrine - secretes products into ducts. Endocrine - Ductless glands that transport their products (hormones) via the bloodstream. |
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|
Term
| What's starkly different about the exocrine glands, as opposed to the endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| Exocrine secretes products into ducts. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the differences b/w the nervous and endocrine systems. |
|
Definition
| Nervous System: Mediator molecule is Neurotransmitters. Site of mediator action. Close to site of release. Types of target cells are muscles, glands, and other neurons. Time of onset of action is milliseconds. Duration of action is short (milliseconds). Endocrine System: Mediator molecule is hormones. Site of mediator action is far from site of release. Types of target cells are cells throughout the body. Time of onset of action is seconds, hours, or days. Duration of action is long (seconds-days). |
|
|
Term
| What are these two systems? System: Mediator molecule is Neurotransmitters. Site of mediator action is close to site of release. Types of target cells are muscles, glands, and other neurons. Time of onset of action is milliseconds. Duration of action is short (milliseconds). System: Mediator molecule is hormones. Site of mediator action is far from site of release. Types of target cells are cells throughout the body. Time of onset of action is seconds, hours, or days. Duration of action is long (seconds-days) |
|
Definition
| Describe the differences b/w the nervous and endocrine systems. |
|
|
Term
| What's the mediator molecule in the Nervous System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| Alter metabolic activity. Regulate growth and development. Guide reproductive processes. Regulate the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle. |
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|
Term
| Are hormones consistent in the amount of time it takes for them to produce a response in their target cell? |
|
Definition
| No, various times. Some w/in seconds and some w/in hours or days. |
|
|
Term
| What have various times? For example, some w/in seconds, and some w/in hours or days? |
|
Definition
| Hormones in the amount of time it takes for them to produce a response in their target cell. |
|
|
Term
| Are hormones consistent in the amount of time it takes for them to produce a response in their target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are large quantities of hormones needed to produce a response in the target cells? |
|
Definition
| Hormones can produce very powerful effects in very small amounts. |
|
|
Term
| Do all hormones affect all cells? |
|
Definition
| Hormones only affect target cells. |
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|
Term
| Hormones only affect what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are target cells affected by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must a hormone bind to on a target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, how many receptors for a particular hormone are found on a target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2k-100k are a number of what? |
|
Definition
| Receptors for a particular hormone that are found on a target cells. |
|
|
Term
| What's a possible number of receptors for a particular hormone that are found on a target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe down-regulation of receptors. |
|
Definition
| Occurs when a hormone's present in excess. The number of target cell receptors decreases. |
|
|
Term
| What effect do excess hormones have on a cell? |
|
Definition
| The number of receptors decline. |
|
|
Term
| Why would the number of receptors on a cell decline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe up-regulation of receptors. |
|
Definition
| Occurs when a hormone's deficient. The number of receptors increase. Makes the target tissue more sensitive to hormones. |
|
|
Term
| What's it called when a hormone's deficient, so the number of receptors increase, which makes the target tissue more sensitive to hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does a deficiency in hormones have on a target cell? (increase or decrease the number of receptors?) |
|
Definition
| The number of receptors increase. |
|
|
Term
| Why would the number of receptors on a target cell increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the increase in the number of receptors make a cell more sensitive, or less sensitive, to hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes a target cell more sensitive to hormones? |
|
Definition
| Increased number of receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does a deficiency in hormones have on a target cell? (increase or decrease the number of receptors?) |
|
Definition
| The number of receptors increase. |
|
|
Term
| Why would the number of receptors on a target cell increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the increase in the number of receptors make a cell more sensitive, or less sensitive, to hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes a target cell more sensitive to hormones? |
|
Definition
| Increased number of receptors. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship b/w caffeine and adenosine. |
|
Definition
| Caffeine works by binding to adenosine receptors. Adenosine makes you sleepy when it's bound to these receptors. |
|
|
Term
| ____ works by binding to ____ receptors. ____ makes you sleepy when it's bound to these receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It binds to adenosine receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What's a circulating hormone? Describe them. |
|
Definition
| Pass in the blood and act on distant target cells. Linger in the blood and exert their effects for minutes to hours. Inactivated by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormones that act w/out entering the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
| What are hormones that act w/out entering the blood stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two types of local hormones and how they function. |
|
Definition
Paracrine - act on neighboring cells that are close by.
Autocrine - act on the same cell that secreted the hormone. |
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|
Term
| Paracrine - act on neighboring cells that are close by. Autocrine - act on the same cell that secreted the hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 4 classes of hormones |
|
Definition
| Steroids - Derives from cholesterol. Synthesized on the smooth ER. Biogenic amines - Simples hormone molecules. Thyroid hormones and catechalomine: synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine. Histamines: synthesized by modifying the amino acid histamine. Peptides and proteins - consists of 3-200 amino acids. Synthesized on the rough ER. Some have carbohydrates attached - glycoprotein. Eicosanoids - Derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. Example: prostaglandins and leukotrines. |
|
|
Term
| What are these the 4 classes of? Steroids - derived from cholesterol. synthesized on the smooth ER. Biogenic amines - simplest hormone molecules. thyroid hormones and catechalomine: synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine. histamines: synthesized by modifying the amino acid histamine. Peptides and proteins - consists of 3-200 amino acids. synthesized on the rough ER. some have carboyhydrates attached - glycoprotein. Eicosanoids -derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. example: prostaglandins and leukotrines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many classes of hormones are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones are free floating in blood? Why? |
|
Definition
| Catecholamine, peptide and protein hormones. They are water soluble. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones bind to a transport protein? What's the function of attaching to a transport protein? |
|
Definition
| Steroids and thyroid hormones. Improve the transport of lipid soluble hormones by making them temporarily water soluble. Retard the passage of these small hormones through the filtering mechanism in the kidneys. Provide a ready reserve of hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones bind to a transport protein? |
|
Definition
| Steroids and thyroid hormones. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of steroids and thyroid hormones attaching to a transport protein? |
|
Definition
| Improve and transport of lipid soluble hormones by making them temporarily water soluble. Retard the passage of these small hormones through the filtering mechanism in the kidneys. Provide a ready reserve of hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how lipid soluble hormones pass through the blood and bind to receptors. |
|
Definition
| Bind to the receptors inside the target cells. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how water-soluble hormones bind to the target cell. |
|
Definition
| Binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activates G protein, which activates adenylane cyclase. |
|
|
Term
| What does the binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor, activating the G protein, which activates adenylane cyclase describe? |
|
Definition
| How water-soluble hormones bind to the target cell. |
|
|
Term
| What does the binding of a water-soluble hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activate? |
|
Definition
| G protein, which activates the adenylane cyclase. |
|
|
Term
| Describe a first messenger and second messenger. |
|
Definition
| First messenger - can deliver its message only to the plasma membrane. Second messenger - relays the message inside the cell where the response will take place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linked receptors on the outer surface to adeylyn cyclase molecules on the inside. |
|
|
Term
| What are receptors on the outer surface that link to adeylyn cyclase molecules on the inside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G-protein receptors on the outer surface link to what? |
|
Definition
| Adeylyn cyclase molecules on the inside. |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if the G-protein remains active in the intestines? (see cholera example) |
|
Definition
| Cholera bacteria produce massive diarrhea and people die from dehydration. Cholera toxin modifies G-proteins in the intestines so they remain active. Too much cAMP's produced. In intestinal cells, cAMP activates a pump that ejects Cl- from the cells into the lumen of the small intestine. Water and Na+ follow the Cl-. This causes the diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| Why can a small dose of hormones have such a large impact? |
|
Definition
| They set off a chain reaction. One molecule of hormone can activate 100 or so G-proteins, when it binds to its receptor. |
|
|
Term
| What does hormones setting of a chain reaction describe? For example, one molecule of hormone can activate 100 or so G-proteins, when it binds to its receptor. |
|
Definition
| How a small dose of hormones can have a large impact. |
|
|
Term
| What can a small dose of hormones set off? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Responsiveness of hormones depend on what 3 factors? |
|
Definition
| Hormone concentration. Number of receptors. Influences exerted by other hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the permissive effect. |
|
Definition
| actions of some hormones require the action of another hormone. |
|
|
Term
| What's it called when the actions of some hormones require the action of another hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In permissive effect, the actions of some hormones require ____ |
|
Definition
| the action of another hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one hormone opposes the action of anothe |
|
|
Term
| What are hormone stimulation and inhibition caused by? |
|
Definition
| Signals from the nervous system. Chemical changes in the blood. Other hormones. Feedback systems. |
|
|
Term
| What do these cause? Signals from the nervous system. Chemical changes in the blood. Other hormones. Feedback systems. |
|
Definition
| Hormone stimulation and inhibition. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of hormone stimulation and inhibition. |
|
Definition
| Signals from the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| What two glands work together and are considered the boss of all other endocrine glands? How are they connected? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland. Connected by the infundibulum. |
|
|
Term
| What hormones, if any, does the anterior pituitary produce, and using which cells? |
|
Definition
| The anterior pituitary produces 7 hormones (Human Growth Hormone [hGH], Thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], Follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], Leutenizing hormone [LH], Prolactin [PRL], Adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone [MSH]) using 5 cells (Somatotroph [hGH], Thyrotrophs [TSH], Gonadotrophs [FSH & LH], Lactotrophs [PRL], and Corticotrophs [ACTH & MSH]). |
|
|
Term
| Where do these 7 hormones, produced using these 5 cells come from? Human Growth Hormone (hGH) by Somatotrophs, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by Thyrotrophs, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Leutenizing hormone (LH) by Gonadotrophs, Prolactin (PRL) by lactotrophs, and Adrenocorticortropic hormone (ACTH) and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) by Corticotrophs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones, if any, does the posterior pituitary produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sort of hormones are produced by the hypothalamus? Where are they released? How do they get to their release point? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin (OT) - Target tissues: breast and uterus. During Delivery, it enhances the contraction of the uterus. After delivery it stimulates milk ejection. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Helps to retain body water. Decreases urine production and sweating. Causes kidneys to return more water to the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What are these hormones produced by? Oxytocin (OT) - Target tissues: breast and uterus. During delivery, it enhances the contraction of the uterus. After delivery, it stimulates milk ejection. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Helps to retain body water. Decreases urine production and sweating. Causes kidneys to return more water to the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sort of hormones are produced by the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin (OT) and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| What do the following hormone abbreviations stand for and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| HGH - Human growth hormone (also known as somatotropin is a peptide that stimulates growth, cell production, and cell regeneration). TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone (produced when the hypothalamus releases a substance called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), metabolism). FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone (produced by pituitary gland. in women, helps control the menstrual cycle and production of eggs by ovaries). LH - Leutenizing hormone (produced by pituitary gland. in women, helps regulate menstrual cycle and egg production). PRL - Prolactin (also known as luteotropic hormone, protein that's best known for its role in enabling production of milk). ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (produced in anterior pituitary gland, regulates levels of steroid hormone cortisol, which is released from the adrenal gland). MSH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone (produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and skin cells, derived from a protein, has an effect on melanocytes: skin cells that contain the black pigment, melanin). OT - Oxytocin (peptide hormone and neuropeptide, helps facilitate childbirth). ADH - Antidiuretic hormone (small peptide molecule that's released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain, also known as arginine vasopressin, it tells your kidneys how much water to conserve and regulates and balances amount of water in blood) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone. |
|
|
Term
| Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones stored and released by? |
|
Definition
| Posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a hormone that's stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape and location of the thyroid gland. |
|
Definition
| Butterfly shaped. Located inferior of the larynx. |
|
|
Term
| What do the follicular cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormones. T4 (tetraiodothyronine) and T3 (triodothyronine) |
|
|
Term
| What are these thyroid hormones produced by? T4 (Tetraiodothryonine) and T3 (triodothyronine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the follicular cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the Parafollicular cells produce? What does that hormone do? |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin - helps regulate calcium homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
| Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR). Help maintain normal body temp. Stimulate protein synthesis. Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production. Upregulate beta receptors that attach to catecholamines. Work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth. |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are these the function of? Increased basal metabolic rate (BMR). Maintenance of normal body temp. Stimulation of protein synthesis. Increased use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production. Upregulation of beta receptors that attach to catecholamines. Work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a function of thyroid hormones. |
|
Definition
| Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
|
|
Term
| Where's the parathyroid gland located? |
|
Definition
| Posterior aspect of each of the thyroid gland. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main hormone secreting cells of the parathyroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The main hormone secreting cells of the parathyroid. |
|
|
Term
| What hormone do chief cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
|
Term
| What produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones work to regulate calcium homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin, PTH, Calcitriol |
|
|
Term
| What do Calcitonin, PTH, and Calcitriol regulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a hormone that works to regulate calcium homeostasis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two regions are the adrenal glands made of? |
|
Definition
| Outer cortex and Medial Medulla |
|
|
Term
| What do the outer cortex and medial medulla comprise? |
|
Definition
| The two regions of the adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
| What's one region of the adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones do the 3 regions of the cortex produce? |
|
Definition
| Mineralocorticoids - used to regulate mineral homeostasis. Glucocorticoids - glucose homeostasis. and Androgens - sex hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Where's the pancreas located? What are the exocrine cells of the gland? What are the endocrine cells of the gland? |
|
Definition
| Located in the curve of the duodenum. Exocrine cells called acini. Endocrine cells called Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) |
|
|
Term
| What's located in the curve of the duodenum, has exocrine cells called acini, and endocrine cells called pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where's the pancreas located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones produced by the 4 types of cells of the pancreatic islets. be sure to include the function of those hormones. |
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Definition
| Alpha (A) - Secrete Glucagon. Beta (B) - Secrete insulin. Delta (D) - Secrete Somatostatin. F cells - pancreatic polypeptide |
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Term
| Describe how insulin and glucagon are controlled. |
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Definition
| Controlled by negative feedback. |
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Term
| What in the pancreatic islets is controlled by negative feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how insulin's controlled. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gonads produce gametes, what are the two types of human gonads? What are the two types of human gametes? |
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Definition
| Gonads. Ovaries - found in females. Testes - in males. Produce Gametes. Oocytes and Sperm. |
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Term
| What hormones do ovaries and testes produce and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Ovaries - Estrogen and progesterone. Maintains pregnancy. Prepares mammary glands for lactation. Development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. Inhibin - Inhibition of FSH. Relaxin - Increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis. Dilates the cervix. Testes - Testosterone. Regulates the production of sperm. Stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
| Estrogen and Progesterone (maintains pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation, development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics), Inhibin (inhibition of FSH), Relaxin (increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis, dilates the cervix), and testosterone (regulates the production of sperm, stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics) are hormones that are produced by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones do the ovaries produce? |
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Definition
| Estrogen and progesterone (maintains pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation, development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics), inhibin (inhibition of FSH), and Relaxin (increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis, dilates the cervix) |
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Term
| Where's the pineal gland found? |
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Definition
| Attached to the roof of the third ventricle. |
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Term
| What does the pineal gland secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's melatonin secreted by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Melatonin come from? |
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Definition
| The roof of the third ventricle. |
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Term
| What does Melatonin hormone do? |
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Definition
| Helps regulate the body's biological clock. |
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Term
| Describe seasonality effective disorder and insomnia. |
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Definition
| Depression during the winter months when there's less light, causing an overproduction of melatonin. Habitual sleeplessness. |
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Term
| What's depression during the winter months when there's less light, causing an overproduction of melatonin? What's habitual sleeplessness? |
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Definition
| Seasonality effective disorder. Insomnia. |
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Term
| Describe seasonality effective disorder. |
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Definition
| Depression during the winter months when there's less light, causing an overproduction of melatonin. |
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Term
| Where's the thymus located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the thymus produce, and what do those cells (as a whole) do? |
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Definition
| Thymosin, Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymic factor (TF), Thymopoietin. All promote maturation of the immune system T cells. |
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Term
| What are Thymosin, Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymic factor (TF), and Thymopoietin produced by? They all promote maturation of the immune systems T cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Thymus produce? |
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Definition
| Thymosin, Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymic factor (TF), Thymopoietin. |
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Term
| What are eicosanoids? What do they do? |
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Definition
| Locally-acting hormones derived from the 20-carbon fatty acid arachodonic acid. Bind to receptors on target cells and stimulate or inhibit the synthesis of second messengers (cAMP). Certain eicosanoid hormones stimulate cell growth and division. Several newly discovered hormones called growth factors are involved in tissue development, growth, and repair. |
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Term
| What are the hormones of the GI Tract and what's their function? |
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Definition
| Gastrin - promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases the movement of the GI Tract. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - Inhibits the secretion of gastric juice, stimulates the release of insulin. Secretin - stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile. Cholecystokinin - makes you feel full, stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates the release of bile. |
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Term
| What are these the hormones of? Gastrin - promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases the movement of the GI tract. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - inhibits the secretion of gastric juice, stimulates the release of of insulin. Secretin - stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile. Cholecystokinin - makes you feel full, stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates the release of bile. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hormones of the GI Tract? |
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Definition
| Gastrin, Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), Secretin, Cholecystokinin |
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Term
| What hormones do the kidneys produce and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Erythropoietin - increase teh rate of RBC production. Calcitriol - aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus. |
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Term
| What hormone does the heart produce and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Atrial nutriuetic peptide - decreases blood pressure |
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Term
| What is the hormone Atrial nutriuetic peptide (decreases blood pressure) produced by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone does the heart produce? |
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Definition
| Atrial nutriuetic peptide. |
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Term
| Define Eustress, Distress, fight-or-flight responses, and resistance reaction. |
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Definition
| Eustress - helpful, everyday stress, that prepares us to meet challenges. Distress - any type of harmful stress that may be damaging. Fight-or-flight responses - (1st stage of the stress response) stimulates the body's resources to prepare for immediate activity. Resistance reaction - 2nd stage in stress response and lasts longer than the fight-or-flight response. |
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Term
| Describe the following disorders |
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Definition
| Pituitary Gigantism - refers to growth hormone (GH) excess that occurs before fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates, only seen in growing children. Acromegaly - hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. Goiter - abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland. Graves disease - caused by generalized overactivity of the entire thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). Cushing's syndrome - abnormally high levels of hormone cortisole, symptom may be high bp |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to growth hormone (GH) excess that occurs before fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates, only seen in growing children |
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Term
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Definition
| hormonal disorder that develops when pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland |
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