Shared Flashcard Set

Details

EVS 195
Intro to Environmental Studies
92
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 4
12/03/2007

Additional Environmental Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Wildernes Act
Definition
Sets aside forests as wilderness-not national parks.
Term

National Environmental Policy Act

1969

Definition
to use all practical means and measures underwhich man and nature can be in harmony
Term

Clean Air Act Amendments

1970-1990

Definition
Congress got EPA to list pollutants and came up with a standard for each pollutant (national ambient air standards). In 1990: prohibited states from suing each other over boarder lines. Set cap on sulfur dioxide, created emissions credits.
Term

Federal Water Pollution Amendments

1972

Definition
penalties for violations and saught to eliminate pollutants in water by 1985. Didn't work. Get's amended all the time.
Term

Endangered Species Act

1973

Definition
Esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational and scientific means to preserveit. Taking a species is prohibited only on government land but not public land. 1978 amended to include economic means to reorganize a species.
Term
GOD SQUAD
Definition
Have the right to destroy a species. Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of the Interior, the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors, the Secretary of the Army, the head of the EPA, the head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and a state representative are considered in the God Squad.
Term

National Forest Management Act

1976

Definition

Wanted timber men to mark every tree they cut since the growing tree cutting from WWII. Men were coming back and people were getting homes made of wood. Huge demand. Was rewritten:public must participate in planning. Guidelines for controversial management

Term

Alaska National Interests Land Conservation Act

1980

Definition
attempted to keep peace with conservationists. native americans, and industrials. settle the fight. creates 9 new parks and 35 new wilderness areas. artic national wildlife refuge, Carters last wish was to seal up Alaska
Term
PM 10 Standard
Definition
required how much of a substance can be released at once into atmosphere.
Term
Air Pollution Act
Definition
Strengthens EPA's right to legistlate and enforce. Companies must show how they are going to handle spills.
Term

Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Mangmt Act

1996

Definition
Developes US fisheries, fazes out fishers on coast, conserves. sets oceans as exclusive economic zone. Addresses overfishing and breeding. IFQ=fishing quotas
Term

Solid Waste Agency (SWANK) v. Army Court of Eng.

2001

Definition
any wetland connected to another source must be protected. army corp sued for not being responsible for wetlands. impt bc effect bird migration. Reasonable Duck Rule=any wetland where a duck would go must be protected.
Term
Nixon Administration
Definition

EPA Created

Republican

Term
Carter Administration
Definition

1979 Dept of Energy created

Antiquities Act: 3x wildlife refuge and 2x natl parks

Helped create superfund Program

Term
Reagan Adm
Definition

1980 increased timber and mining on federal lands

research $ cut

lowered water and air standards

Sagebrish Rebellion: Wester states didnt like federal influence

Wise Use Movement: wanted to use natl parks land more efficiently: more activities.

Term
Clinton Adm
Definition

1990s protected large areas in lower 48 states thru Antiquities Act

EVA movement stengthened

more reasearch and data

protection of marine estuary areas (new idea)

Term
George W Adm
Definition

EPA finding reduced

air and water standards relaxed

research funding cut

increased private use of federal lands for energy/minerals/timber

said no to kyoto

protected hawaiian marine sanctuary

Term

Statistics

Definition
can either summarize data or make inferences
Term
Probablility Sampling
Definition
each sample has a distinct, determinant chance of being selected
Term
Matter
Definition
Has mass thats affected by gravity and is occupied by space
Term
Elements
Definition
Material that cant be broken down without changing it
Term
Compounds
Definition
2 or more elements held together by bonds
Term
mixtures
Definition
combo of 1 or more elements and compounds
Term
atom
Definition
smallest portion of an element
Term

Atomic#

Atomic Mass

Definition

#=protons in a nucleus

mass=combo of protons and neutrons

Term
Uranium 235
Definition
only isotope that is fissionable.
Term
ion
Definition
can gain or lose an ELECTRON
Term
isotope
Definition
can gain or lose a PROTON
Term
Canion
Definition
positive
Term
Anion
Definition
Negative
Term
Most matter exisits as what?
Definition
COMPOUNDS!
Term
Which are stronger: Covalent or Ionic?
Definition
IONIC
Term
Organic Coumpounds
Definition
find this out!
Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
this too
Term
What are the states of matter?
Definition

Solid

Liquid

gas

Plasma

Term

Fussion

Fission

Definition

Fussion=Joining

Fission=Separating

Term
Stars are made up of what?
Definition
Plasma
Term
Radiation
Definition
transfer of kinetic energy by wave motion
Term

Radioactivity

Definition
nuclear atoms shoot chunks of mass and energy @ fixed rate.
Term
2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
eventually energy will run out. US has 16% energy efficiency rate
Term
Ecology
Definition
how organisms interract and the non-living world. human ecology=what we extract
Term

Organism

Definition

any form of life. prokarotic(no nucleus)

eukaryotic (nucleus!)

Term
species
Definition
must be fertile!
Term
List order of kingdoms
Definition

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

Term
Population
Definition
group of individuals at the same area at the same time
Term
Biosphere
Definition
all ecosystems combined
Term
Albedo
Definition

reflectivity rate.

2/3rds of energy from sun is reflected back into space

Term
Fragmentation
Definition
when companies sell their property to bigger corporate. shift species tracts. ex wolves
Term

Single species management:

Keystone

Umbrella

Flagship

Indicator

Definition

1) enrich ecosystem function (beavers)

2) covers large areas in daily seasonal movements

3) CHARISmatic:pandas/ sea turtles

4) linked to specific biological elements: spotted owls/ woodpecker

Term
Corridors
Definition
places for animals to reproduce. Impervious surface: degree of human impact
Term
Restoration
Definition

Restoring highly degraded but localized sites

Improving productive capability in degraded production lands.

Enhancing conservation values in protected lanscapes.

Enhancing conservation calues in productive landscapes.

Term
Ecological Restoration
Definition
Assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed.
Term
Democratic Restoration
Definition

Funding: corps fund a lot of restoration for public relations, this fades if it is seen as bad.

Public Participation: not experts so invalid

Unresponsive and less affect.

May not want to participate.

Term
Anti-Restoration Thesis
Definition
says its fake in nature. if we accept this than any ecosystem can be destroyed so must protect wilderness.
Term
Restoration Thesis
Definition
admits that resored land is not the same but reduces human pressure. think that technology can be pulled off. says that the things that cant be replicated arent important anyways.
Term
Deep Ecology
Definition

says that humans are a part of a landscape and humans must be integrated.

William Cronum: says impossible to create wilderness. no such thing as anything that hasnt been touch by humans.

Term
Thomas Malthus says human population is controls by 3 things:
Definition

War, Famine, Disease.

Competitive advantage and traits will pass on. Overpopulation, variation, limits to growth( anything that causes mortality reduces reproduction)

Reproductive Success:

have to be able to reproduce  and pass traits (meaning raise the organism w/ those traits)

Term
Henry Cowles
Definition
species change due to their landscape overtime
Term
Fredrick Clements
Definition
depending on climate-every ecosystem will have a climax in regional climate
Term
H. Gleason
Definition
THinks that species go thru change at random and independently. Disturbance CLimax: random environmental disaster that supports ecosystem. ex pines spike during hurricanes.
Term
What is always the first thing to grown when a place has been wiped out?
Definition
LICHEN!
Term
Island Biogeography
Definition
Looks at how fast things disperse across a landscape
Term
Secondary Sucession
Definition
resetting a previous ecosystem to an earlier state
Term
Three Forms of Symbiosis
Definition

results from co-evolution. when one species lives on top of or on other species.

Three forms:

Mutualism: both benefit

Cometualism: One is benefited and the other not effected

Partalism: one is benefited at the expense of the other

Term
Microsymbiosis
Definition
plants growing underneath and share nutrients like the hyphi mushrooms intertwined in the roots of a tree
Term
Hydrolic Cycle
Definition
everything runs down and eventually enters the ocean. All plants are breathing and releasing water into the atmosphere.
Term
Evapotranspiration
Definition
84% of it comes from the Oceans. Water in atmosphere from oceans.
Term
Carbon Cycle
Definition

going in and out of oceans and plants. things go to bottom of ocean and carbon setiment high. during plate tectonics sediment moves and carbon can re-enter the atmosphere.

*less oxygen in hot water so not as many organisms

Term
CAFO
Definition
Confined Area Feeding Operation
Term
Phosphorous Cycle
Definition
PO 4 is a limiting substance that algae will use up. used to be in detergents but not anymore. NC #1 supplier for phosphorous.
Term
Sulfur Cycle
Definition

stored in organic materials and minerals.

-thu volcanic eruptions

-Sulfuric acid causes acid rain.

Human impact= burning coal, copper, sulfur mining.

Term
Biosphere
Definition

Terrestrial and Aquatic

Ecotone=middle bt regions

Ecocline=no clear barrier

Term
Food CHain v. Food web
Definition
food chain has only 4 trophic levels adn the food web has higher diversity
Term
SOIL
Definition
Formed by weathering of preexisting surface minerals. decomposistion. over 2500 minerals. 92% of these are scilicates
Term
Igneous Rocks
Definition
cooling and crstalization of molten materials
Term
Metamorphic Rock
Definition
Preexisiting rock that has been under pressure or heated up below melting point
Term
Sedimentary Rock
Definition
stone from form sediment
Term

Unloading

Crystal Growth

Roots

Sand Blasted Wind

 

Definition

-runoff with cracks real rock

-can crack rock apart

-can make its way into rocks and break

get into cracks

 

Term

Hydrolosis

Acidation

Oxidation

Definition

1) chemical compound is broken down by water

2) Broken down by acid

3) oxidation # changes

Term
Rate of Weathering
Definition
depends on climate/temperature, higher temps have faster composition and surface area. Soil=marginally renewable resource.
Term

Soil Structure

O A=rich in organic matter

B =accumulation

C= weathering soil, little organic matter

R= parent material

Definition
[image]
Term

Ultisols

Definition
Aluminum and iron (rusted and turned red)
Term
Aridisoils
Definition
Arid, desert soils with calcium carbonate.
Term
Oxisols
Definition

tropical rainforests

few organic matter

Aluminum rich

Term
Mollisols
Definition

midwest prarie, recent and glacially driven, 

richest in the country

Term
Histosols
Definition

richest in terristrial deversity

pete soils

Term
Spodosols
Definition
N forests and coastal plains
Term
Entisols
Definition
Beach dunes
Term
waterlogging
Definition
water that sits ontop of clay right below the roots and gets trapped.
Term

Agriforestry

Definition

alternate forests with crops slows evaporation and more efficient.

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