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| combating The Hostile Forces of Nature |
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| The intuition that living things come in discrete packets that correspond to distinct species and that each distinct species has an internal "essence" that produces its growth, bodily functions, external form, and special powers. |
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| A strong aversion to new foods. E.g. rats typically sample new and unfamiliar food only in small doses, and when they do so, they eat the new foods seperately--never together. Due to sickness and poisons. |
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| An emotion is hypothesized adaptation that serves as a defense against microbial attack, protecting people from the risk of disease. |
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| chemicals in spices from plants that emit unique smells and have specific tastes. These compounds usually function in plants as defense meachanisms to prevent macroorganisms and microorganisms from attacking them. |
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| spices kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms and prevent the production of toxins in the foods we eat and o help humans to solve a criticl problem: avoiding being made ill or poisoned by the foods we eat. |
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| toxins that might be harmful to the developing baby....Plants produce toxins as a defense against predators, many common that we consume regularly such as apples, bananas, potatoes, oranges, and celery. |
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| Model of the "man the hunter" |
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| According to this view, the transisition from mere foraging to large game hunting provided a major impetus for human evolution, with a cascading set of consequences including a rapid expansion of tool making and tool use, the development of a large human brain, and the evolution of complex language skills necessary for communication on cooperative hunts. |
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| appear to be characteristic of humans worldwide. This emergence is another aspect that characterizes humans. Hunting provides one such plausible explanation. |
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Strong reciprocal altruism
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social exchange. |
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| Hunting can also account for the emergence in humans of these. Humans seem to be unique among primates in showing extensive reciprocal relationshipsthat can last yars, decades, or a lifetime. Meat from a large game animal comes in quantities that far exceed what a single hunter could possibly consume. Furthermore, hunting success is highly variable; a hunter who is successful one week might fail the next. These conditions favor food sharing from hunting. ZThe costs to a hunter of giving away meat he cannot eat immediately are low because he cannot consume all the meat himself, and leftovers will soon spoil. The benefits can be large, however, when the recipients of his food return the favor at a later time. In essence, hunters can "store" surplus meat in the bodies of thier friends and neighbors. |
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| Hunting also provides a plausible explanation for this. Men;s larger size, upper body strength, and ability to throw projectiles accurately over long distances makes them well suited for hunting. Ancestral women, often preoccupied by pregnancy and children, were less well suited for hunting. Among modern hunter-gatherers the division of labor is strongz: Men hunt and women gather, often carrying thier young with them. Indeed, even in modern environments, men and women differ sharply in thier recreational activities. Sexes can exchange food-meat provided by men from the hunt and plant foods provided by women from gathering. In sum, hunting proovides a plausible explanation for the strong division of labor that characterizes modern humans. |
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| Antropologist's Kristen Hawkes proposal. She suggests that women would prefer to have neighbors who are showoffs-men who go for the rare but valuable bonanzas of meat--because they benefit by gaining a portion of it. If women benefit from these gifts, especially in times of shortage, then it would be to thier advantage to reward men who pursue the showoff strategy. They could give such hunters favorable treatment, such as siding with them in times of dispute, providing health care of thier children, and offering sexual favors. |
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| The Gathering Hypothesis in contrast to the Hunting Hypothesis |
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| Women provided the critical impetus, through gathering opposing the view that men provided the critical evolutionary impetus for the emergence of modern humans through hunting. |
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