Term
| Descent with Modification |
|
Definition
| species evolve and change over time and derive from common ancestors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are characteristics that enhance organism survival and reproduction in specific environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an evolutionary process by which individuals with certain heritable traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ingredients of natural selection? |
|
Definition
1. Individuals within species vary.
2. Some of these variations are heritable.
3. More offspring are produced than can survive.
4. Survival and reproduction are nonrandom (i.e., some
traits help you survive and reproduce more than
others) |
|
|
Term
Clickr: Which of the following is NOT an essential element of ‘natural selection’?
a) Heritable traits
b) Some heritable traits increase the likelihood of survival or reproduction
c) Resources are not limiting
d) Adaptive heritable traits become more common in the population
e) None of the above (i.e., all of these are essential) |
|
Definition
| c) Resources are not limiting |
|
|
Term
| Where does variation come from? |
|
Definition
Genetic changes*
• Mutation (random introduction of new alleles)
• Recombination (assortment of alleles within population) |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of evolutionary change? |
|
Definition
| Natural Selection and Genetic Drift |
|
|
Term
| What is natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Natural Selection : nonrandom fixation of alleles that confer an advantage within an ecological context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic Drift : random fixation or loss of alleles in a population – due to chance in small populations |
|
|
Term
| REVIEW CARD! Summary of Evolution and Natural Selection. |
|
Definition
–Species change over time (evolution)
–These changes can be caused by natural
selection or genetic drift
–Natural selection favors heritable traits that
increase the survival/reproductive output of
an individual
–Evolution has no long-term goal, and will not necessarily lead to more complex or intelligent
developments (think tapeworm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin of earth: 4.6 billion years ago
–First prokaryotes: 3.9 billion years ago
–First eukaryotes: 2.1 billion years ago
–First humans: 0.01 million years ago
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Term
| What is alloptric speciation? |
|
Definition
| the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolate from one another. |
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Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area. |
|
|
Term
CLICKR: According to natural selection, for lactose tolerance to increase in the population, which of the following must be true?
a)Lactose tolerance must be heritable
b)Individuals with lactose tolerance must produce
more offspring
c)Individuals with lactose tolerance must exhibit
lower survival
d)A and B |
|
Definition
d)A and B
a)Lactose tolerance must be heritable
b)Individuals with lactose tolerance must produce
more offspring |
|
|
Term
TFO: Vampire Finch
-Scientific Name?
-Diet? |
|
Definition
Name:Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis
Drinks the blood of the Nazca and the Blue-footed boobies, as well as eating their eggs. |
|
|
Term
CLICKR: While visiting Caribbean islands over spring break, you notice that two nearby islands
have strikingly similar types of dragonflies.
This is an example of:
a)Sympatric speciation
b) Adaptation
c) Allopatric speciation
d) Natural selection
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
e) None of the above
you need to know whether they can reproduce (see 1/12/10 definition of a species). |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be alive? |
|
Definition
Definition of Life
1) Accurate replication
(reproduction)
2) Response to stimulus
3) Metabolism (use and
production of energy)
4) Capable of information
storage
–Human definition : DNA |
|
|
Term
CLICKR: Which of the following is considered an
essential criterion for life?
a) Accurate replication
b) Cognition
c) Metabolism
d) DNA
e) A and C |
|
Definition
e) A and C
a) Accurate replication
c) Metabolism |
|
|
Term
CLICKR: What did the Miller-Urey experiments
succeed in producing?
a) Self-replicating DNA
b)Inorganic compounds
c) Falsification of “spontaneous generation”
d)Simple organic compounds
e)protobionts |
|
Definition
| d)Simple organic compounds |
|
|
Term
TFO: Mad Cow Disease (BSE: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)
1. What type of disease is BSE?
2. What group of diseases does it fit into? |
|
Definition
1. Prion disease; infectious protein with improper folding pattern.
2. progessive neurodegenerative diseases i.e. BSE, chronic wasting disease, etc.
note: it is invariably fatal |
|
|
Term
CLICKR: The gradual separation of continents
leading to the development of new
species is an example of what kind of
speciation?
a)Allopatric speciation
b)Sympatric speciation
c) Isopatric speciation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remnants of ancient organisms or activities; foot prints. |
|
|
Term
How many species exist on earth?
a) 1000
b)100,000
c)1,000,000
d) 10,000,000
e)>100,000,000 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is taxonomy?
What is systematics? |
|
Definition
Taxonomy is the naming and classification of species and groups of species
Systematics is the use of many different kinds of characters (=observable, heritable feature) to understand relationships
|
|
|
Term
| How do we organize these different groups of animals, plants, and microorganisms? |
|
Definition
| A heirarchical classification |
|
|
Term
CLICKR: If monkeys and foxes belong to the same
class, they must also belong to the same:
a)order
b) phylum
c) family
d) genus
e) species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A evolutionary history of a group. An evolutionary tree, an evolutionary tree (phylogenetic tree). It is a hypothesis about the relationships among different groups. |
|
|
Term
1. What is homology?
2. What is analogy |
|
Definition
Homology: Similarities that are attributable to common ancestry.
Analogy: Similarities that are attributable to convergence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Convergence – similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations. Even though organisms are from very different evolutionary lineages |
|
|
Term
TFO: Thylacosmilus
1. This organism exhibits what bio principle?
2. Why is it extinct? |
|
Definition
1. Convergent evolution (it is a marsupial although it has traits that resemble eutherian (placental) animals).
2. Great American-Interchange and competition with Smilidon (the REAL sabretooth :) |
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|
Term
| Define a monophyletic tree. |
|
Definition
A monophyletic group is made up of an ancestor and all of its descendents. This is the "right" grouping.
The prof says to assume this is the TRUE tree. |
|
|
Term
| Define a paraphyletic group. |
|
Definition
A paraphyletic group is made up of an ancestor with some but not all of its descendents.
-not useful in telling us anything about the evolution of a group. |
|
|
Term
| What is a polyphyletic group. |
|
Definition
A polyphyletic group lacks the common ancestor that would unite the taxa as a monophyletic.
-also not useful in revealing the evolution of a group. |
|
|
Term
REVIEW
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life |
|
Definition
•Taxonomists name and describe species
–Hierarchical classification system
•Systematists study the evolutionary relationships among different groups of species
– Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary history of a group
• Phylogenetic trees are constructed using shared
characteristics
– Based on fossils, morphology, molecular info, etc.
– Danger of convergent evolution |
|
|
Term
| Review: Prokaryotic Features |
|
Definition
• Small (1-5 microns)
• Genetic material is RNA or DNA
• Single ring-like chromosome called plasmids
• No membrane bound nucleus
• No membrane-enclosed organelles
• Cell wall -- peptidoglycan
• Move with flagella or pili. The pili allow conjugation |
|
|
Term
| Review of why prokaryotes are so successful. |
|
Definition
1) Exponential population growth
Binary fission (asexual)
o 1 to 3 hours!
o Mutation rate
2) Endospores (resistant stages)
o Survive for centuries
3) Horizontal gene transfer
o plasmids (conjugation)
o Peptidoglycan formation (penicillin) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following helps to promote
adaptability in prokaryotes?
a. production of endospores
b. aDNA
c. rapid generation times
d. homoplasies
e. a and c |
|
Definition
e. a and c
a. production of endospores
c. rapid generation times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peptidoglycan
Gram positive = ?
Gram negative = ? |
|
Definition
Gram positive = lots of peptidoglycan
Gram negative = little peptidoglycan
-more resistant to antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Quick facts about domain archaea in relation to domain bacteria |
|
Definition
-Archaea have no peptidoglycan
-DNA sequences are more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria.
Can live in places most organisms can't (extremophiles) |
|
|
Term
Two examples of Archaea
? - live in extremely salty environments. Some are photosynthetic
? - grow in hot (thermo) acidic (acid) environments |
|
Definition
Halobacteria - live in extremely salty environments. Some are photosynthetic.
Thermoacidophiles - grow in hot (thermo) acidic (acid) environments.
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|
|
Term
CLICKR: Sulfobus, a hydrothermal vent bacterium,
uses sulfur for energy and CO2 for
carbon. This is an example of…
a) Chemoheterotrophy
b)Chemoautotrophy
c) Photoautotrophy
d) Photoheterotrophy
e) Mixotrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TFO: Borrelia Burgdoferi (spirochaete) |
|
Definition
LYME DISEASE
-Characteristic rash
-Causes arthitis or paralysis without treatment
Most prevelent tick borne disease in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
-emerging epidemic with more deaths than AIDS (in US)
-puss filled boils, skin rash.
-silver lined pajamas for prevention |
|
|
Term
| TFO: Plague (yersinia pestis) |
|
Definition
- Carried by fleas
- 14th Century: “Black Death” responsible for >20 million deaths in Europe
- 1346: Plague-ridden bodies used by Tartar army
- Still present in the U.S. and elsewhere, including Boulder (15 cases in 2005) |
|
|
Term
| 4 examples of Prokaryotes doing good. |
|
Definition
-E. coli helps with digestion
-Bacteria can produce large amounts of hydrogen for energy
-They can work for sewage treatment
-cleaning up oil spills with bacteria that can eat petroleum (bioremediation) |
|
|
Term
| QUICK REVIEW: Prokaryotes |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms with no nucleus
–Bacteria
–Archaea
•Play incredibly important roles in all ecosystems
–Without them, all other life would disappear
–Also cause their share of problems and disease
• Humans depend on bacteria for a range of ecosystem services |
|
|
Term
Origin of Eukaryotes.
What is Endosybiosis?
What is an Endosymbiont? |
|
Definition
Endosybiosis—uniting of several prokaryotic ancestors into a single organism.
Endosymbiont—a cell or organism that has become part of another organism (=host)
|
|
|
Term
| What are three representations of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
-parasitism
-commensalism
-mutualism |
|
|
Term
and were originally prokaryotes that lived inside larger cells.
Mitochondria:
Plastids (chloroplasts): |
|
Definition
Mitochondria and plastids were originally prokaryotes that lived inside larger cells.
Mitochondria: produce energy
Plastids (chloroplasts): photosynthesize |
|
|
Term
Give the three forms of protists (as listed in the notes).
Give the three nutritional modes of protists. |
|
Definition
Forms: Protozoan (animal), Algae (plant), Absorpative (fungal)
Nutritional Modes: photosynthetic (photoautotrophic), heterotrophic (nutrition obtained by digesting organic compounds), mixotrophic (mixed nutritional modes) |
|
|
Term
| What three super groups of protista are we studying in our class? |
|
Definition
*EXCAVATA
1.Dips and Paras: Diplomonads and Parabasalids. Have severely reduced mitochondria
2. Euglenozoa. Have flagella.
*CHROMALVEOLATA
1.Alveolates : Unicellular, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates
(alveoli)
*UNIKONTA
1. Amoebozoa. Amoebas with lobelike pseudopods, slime molds
2. Animals and fungi! |
|
|
Term
| What two stages of early development are unique to animals? |
|
Definition
| bastula and gastula stages |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics used to build a phylogeny of the animals? |
|
Definition
Symmetry
• Radial vs. Bilateral vs. Asymmetric
Tissues
• True tissiues
• Diplo vs. triplobastic
Body Cavities
• Acoelomate, Pseuodocoelomate, Coelomate
Embryonic Development
• Deuterostome vs. Protostome |
|
|
Term
Regarding deuterostomes and protostomes, which one cleaves spirally and which one cleaves radially?
What are the differences in cell fate between deuterostomes and protostomes? |
|
Definition
Deuterostome = radial
Protostome = spiral
Protostomes = fate determined early
Deuterostome = fate determined late (stem cells only found in deuterostome) |
|
|
Term
| What phyla have deuterostome development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals are asymmetric? Which are radially symmetric? Which are bilaterally symmetric? |
|
Definition
ASYMMETRIC: sponges
RADIAL: Jellyfish, sea
anemones
BILATERAL: All others |
|
|
Term
| What are the two morphologies of cnidarians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the defense mechanisms of cnidarians? |
|
Definition
Nematocysts
• 700 ns
Mutualisms
• Clownfish
o Protective mucus |
|
|
Term
What are the characteristics of the phylum platyhelminthes (flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms):
-Symmetry
-Tissue and Body cavity |
|
Definition
Bilateria (bilateral and triploblastic)
• Triploblastic = have 3 types of cell layers
• (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Acloemates (no body cavity)
Some are free-living and some are parasites
• Planaria
• Tapeworms
• Trematodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Nomura’s jellyfish
–6 feet long
–450 lbs
•Massive increase since 2005
–Human health risk
–80% decline in fish
Increase caused by???
•Climate Change ?
•Eutrophication ? |
|
|
Term
Featured Organism! (review)
Leuchloridum Paradoxum |
|
Definition
Trematode
• Amphibious snails
• Bird definitive hosts
Sporocysts in snail tentacle
• Zombie snails
• Cannot be retracted
• Swell and pulsate
Birds Attack Tentacles
• Snails regenerate |
|
|
Term
CLICKR: Which of the following have NO mesoderm?
a) sponges
b) cnidarians
c) platyhelminthes
d) A and B
e) B and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What body characteristics do mollusks (phylum mollusca) share in common? |
|
Definition
-coelomate
–Foot
–“visceral mass” (contains internal organs)
–Mantle: produces a shell if there is one |
|
|
Term
Featured Organism! (review)
Octopus |
|
Definition
MOST INTELLIGENT
–Jar opening
–Shape recognition
–Short- and long-term memory
–Complex eye
–Escape |
|
|
Term
Both octopi and squid exhibit similarly
complex eyes. This similarity is
most likely an example of what?
a)Convergent evolution
b)Homology
c)Homoplasy
d)A and C
e)A and B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| REVIEW: Phylum Arthropoda (Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders) |
|
Definition
•Over half of all known organisms are arthropods (“jointed feet”)
•What is an arthropod?
–Coelomate
– Exoskeleton (segmented body): protection, muscle insertion, prevent desiccation, must molt to grow).
•2 or 3 specialized body parts
-Jointed appendages
–Sexual reproduction (mostly) |
|
|
Term
Featured Organism! (review)
Cimex |
|
Definition
•Bed bugs (Cimex spp.)
•Sperm Competition
–Seminal cement
–“Traumatic insemination”
–Inseminate other males! |
|
|
Term
| What's the name of the spider that throws a ball of silk to capture its prey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Featured Organism! (review)
Demodex Follicorum |
|
Definition
•Parastic Mite
–Eyelashes & eyebrows
–96% of humans
•Up to 25 per eyelash!
•Active at…
•Consume debris, dead flesh
–No excretion
•Mate in sebaceous glands
•Infection from mother |
|
|
Term
You become parasitized by a bilaterally
symmetric protostome with a
pseudocoelomate. Which of the
following is most likely involved?:
a)Schistosoma (fluke)
b)Plasmodium (apicomplexan)
c)Borrelia (spirochaete)
d) Hookworm (nematode)
e)Trypanosome (euglenozoan) |
|
Definition
d) Hookworm (nematode)
note that it is a pseudocoelomate |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of wing development seen in arthropods? |
|
Definition
-Apterygotes
•no wings
-Exopterygotes (incomplete)
•wings develop inside
•Incomplete metamorphosis
-Endopterygotes (complete)
•wings develop outside
•Complete |
|
|
Term
A species of terrestrial animal has the
following: exoskeleton, complete
metamorphosis, segmentation. You
predict that its adults also have:
a) Wings
b)Pseudocoelom
c)Choanocytes
d)Eight legs
e)Nematocysts |
|
Definition
a) Wings
note complete metamorphisis |
|
|
Term
Which of the following invertebrate groups grow
through molting?
I. oligochaetes, II. cephalopods, III. cheliceriformes, IV.nematodes, V. Hexapods
a) II only
b) III only
c) V only
d) III and V
e) III, IV and V |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would explain a loss of algae forests? |
|
Definition
| A downturn in the population of sea otters results in an increase of sea urchins. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three subphlya of the phylum arthropoda? |
|
Definition
–Cheliceriformes
• Horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
–Crustacea
• Crabs, lobsters, barnacles, isopods, crayfish and
shrimp
–Hexapoda
• Insects! |
|
|
Term
Which of the following species is NOT a
bilaterally symmetric protostome
coelomate?
a) sea urchin
b) octopus
c) hookworm
d) a and c
e) all of the above |
|
Definition
d) a and c
a) sea urchin (deuterostome)
c) hookworm (pseudocoelomate) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 subphyla of the phylum chordata? |
|
Definition
Subphylum: Urochordata (tunicates)
Subphylum: Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Subphylum: Vertebrata |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 characteristics of Chordata? |
|
Definition
1) Notochord —flexible rod for support
2) Hollow dorsal nerve cord
--nervous system
3) Pharyngeal pouches (embryonic structures)
-- Gills, filters, ears
4) Tail (may be lost during embryo development)
-- Propulsion, balance |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of fish in the vertabrata phylum? |
|
Definition
-Jawless fishes (lamprey and hagfish)
-Chondrichythes
-Bony Fishes
-Osteichthyes
-Ray finned Fishes
-Lobe-finned (coelacanth)
-Lungfishes |
|
|
Term
FEATURED ORGANISM! (review)
Candirú (vampire fish) |
|
Definition
•Vandelli Cirrhosa
–Amazon River
•Gill parasites
–Feeds on blood
–Erects spine
•Dangers of bathing nude
–Attracted to urine, blood, swims up urethra
•Martin Strel
–3000+ miles! |
|
|
Term
Jaws can be found in which of the
following groups?
a) Cephalochordata
b)Chondrichthyes
c)Osteichthyes
d) A and C
e) B and C |
|
Definition
e) B and C
b)Chondrichthyes
c)Osteichthyes
|
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an important
difference between reptiles and
amphibians?
a) Vertebrae
b) Limbs
c)Amniotic egg
d)Jaws
e) A head |
|
Definition
c)Amniotic egg
Amphibians metamorphose and reptiles use eggs. |
|
|
Term
1. When is it a good idea to maximize surface area to volume ratio?
When might you want to minimize it? |
|
Definition
1. Increase exchange surface
obtain or expel
2. Decrease exchange
Retain something |
|
|
Term
Why are small mammals less common
at higher latitudes?
a) Reduced oxygen availability
b)Predominance of ectotherms
c) Excessive UV-B radiation
d)Higher SA:V increases heat loss
e)Lower SA:V increases heat loss |
|
Definition
| d)Higher SA:V increases heat loss |
|
|
Term
FEATURED ORGANISM! (review)
Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) |
|
Definition
• Alaskan tundra
– Inside Arctic Circle
• How survive?
– No breathing
– Heart stops
– Organs dehydrate
•Cryopprotectant
– Glucose
– Urea
•Cheap! |
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of mammals? |
|
Definition
–Monotremes (egg layers, platypus and echinda)
– Marsupials
–Eutherians (placental) |
|
|
Term
While in South America, you encounter
eutherian and marsupial mammals.
Which of the following characteristics
would you NOT expect to see in these
groups?
a) Solid-shelled eggs
b)A maternal pouch
c) Hair
d)Milk
e)A complex placenta |
|
Definition
a) Solid-shelled eggs
monotremes are the only egg laying mammals. |
|
|
