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Evolution
Unit 8: Evolution Vocab
40
Environmental Studies
10th Grade
11/19/2012

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Term
mutation
Definition
change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Term
artificial selection
Definition
nature provided variation, humans selected the variations that they found useful
Term
fossil
Definition
preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism
Term
population
Definition
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Term
sediments
Definition
matter deposited by water or wind
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
process by which unrelated things independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Term
adaptation
Definition
any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival -- ability to respond to change favorably
Term
survival of the fittest
Definition
individuals that are the most fit for the environmental conditions survive
Term
common descent
Definition
principle that states all living things were derived from common ancestors
Term
homologous structures
Definition
structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
Term
gene pool
Definition
consists of all genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in a population
Term
relative frequency
Definition
number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the number of times the other alleles for the same trait occur
Term
single gene trait
Definition
controlled by a single gene that has two alleles
Term
polygenic trait
Definition
controlled by two or more genes
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
when individuals by the center of the curve have higher fitness than those at either end of it
Term
disruptive selection
Definition
occurs when individuals at upper and lower ends have a higher fitness than those in the middle
Term
genetic drift
Definition
random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
Term
founder effect
Definition
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
Term
fitness
Definition
how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
Term
genetic equilibrium
Definition
the situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
Term
reproductive isolation
Definition
when the members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Term
behavioral isolation
Definition
when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in rituals or other reproductive strategies
Term
temporal isolation
Definition
which two or more species reproduce at different times
Term
extinct(ion)
Definition
means the species died out
Term
relative dating
Definition
method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of others found in other layers of rock
Term
era
Definition
3 of them (Paleozonic, Mesozonic, Cenozonic)
Term
punctuated equilibrium
Definition
pattern of evolution when long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of rapid change
Term
vestigial structure
Definition
organ that serves no useful function in an organism
Term
descent with modification
Definition
principle that each living thing has descended, with changes, from other species over time
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms
Term
divergent evolution
Definition
occurs when two or more biological organisms have a common evolutionary origin, and have diverged over time
Term
gradualism
Definition
a theory which holds that profound change is a cumulative product of slow, but continuous process
Term
variation
Definition
an instance of change or the rate of magnitude of change
Term
co - evolution
Definition
the mutual evolutionary influence between two species
Term
common ancestor
Definition
an ancient organisms that many more current organisms can be traced back hypothetically through various techniques
Term
absolute dating
Definition
a means to date rocks whereby the rate of decay of known mineral is measured over time
Term
natural selection
Definition
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully, "survival of the fittest"
Term
directional selection
Definition
when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than those in the middle or at the other end
Term
divergence
Definition
the process whereby two or more organisms have diverged over time
Term
speciation
Definition
the formation of new species over time, many factors can contribute to this
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