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| a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce when compared with individuals who do not have the trait. |
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| a trait that increases the fitness of its bearer |
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| the contribution of an allele to make to the phenotype independent of the identity of the other alleles at the same or different loci |
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| additive genetic variation |
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| difference among individuals in a population that are due to the additive effect of genes |
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| any factor that causes individuals with certain phenotypes to have, on average, higher fitness than individuals with other phenotypes |
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| variant form of a gene, or variant nucleotide of at a particular locus |
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| the hypothesis that speciation occurs when populations become geographically isolated and diverge because selection and drift act on them independently |
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| living in different geographic areas |
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| distinct forms of an enzyme, encoded by different alleles at the same locus |
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| behaviour the decreases the fitness of the actor but increases the fitness of the recipient |
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| descent with modification but no speciation |
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| describes a trait that was possessed by the ancestor of the species on a branch of the evolutionary tree, in contrast with derived |
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| a chemical, typically extracted from a microorganism that kills bacteria by disrupting a particular biochemical process |
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| a portion of a protein that is recognized by the immune system and initiates a response |
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| occurs when individuals tend to mate with others possessing the same genotype or phenotype |
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| the average excess it the mean difference between individuals carrying allele a and the mean fitness of the rest of the population. if the mean fitness of allele a > the rest of the population, allele a will rise in frequency |
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| a mutation that reverse the effect of a previous mutation, typically occurs to restore the effect of a loss of function mutation |
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| extinctions that are not part of mass extinction events, thought to be due to typical types and rates of environmental change or species interactions as opposed to major environmental changes that occur in mass extinctions |
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| the slope of best fit line relating reproductive success to mating success, measuring the strength of sexual selection |
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| the hypothesis that heritable factors blend to produce a phenotype and are passed on to offspring in this blended form |
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| in phylogeny reconstruction, a technique for estimating the strength of the evidence that a particular node in a tree extists. bootstrapping values range from 0 - 100%, with higher values indicating stronger support. |
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| a large-scale but short term reduction in population size followed by an increase in population size |
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| that fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is caused by genetic differences among individuals |
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| in geology, the view that most or all landforms are the product of catastrophic events, such as the flood described in the bible |
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| the last common ancestor of all extant organisms |
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| a region of DNA that has been flipped, so that the genes are in reverse order; results in lower rate of crossing over and thus tighter linkage among loci with the inversion |
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| the set of species descended froma particular common ancestor; syn. with monophyletic group |
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| a classification scheme based on the historical sequence of divergence events (phylogeny); also used to identify a method of inferring phylogenies based on the presence of shared derived character; syn with synapomorphies |
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| an evolutionary tree reflecting the results of cladistic analysis |
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| a systematic change along a geographic transect in the frequency of genotype/phenotype |
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| a set of 3 base pair in DNA that specifies a particular amino acid - carrying tRNA |
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| coefficient of breeding (F) |
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Definition
| the probability that the alleles at any particular locus in the same individual are identical by descent from a common ancestor |
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| coefficient of linkage disequilibrium (D) |
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| a calculated value that quantifies the degree to which genotypes at one locus are nonrandomly associated with genotypes at another locus |
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| coefficient of relateness (r) |
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| the probability that the alleles at any particular locus in two different individuals are identical by descent from a common ancestor |
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| that which occurs when interactions between species over time lead to reciprocal adaptions |
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| an experiment in which individuals from different populations or treatments are reared together under identical conditions |
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| a research program that compares traits and environment across taxa and looks for correlations that test hypotheses about adaptations |
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| nucleotides that match up and form hydrogen bonds on opposite strands of a DNA molecule or DNA-RNA duplex. C complements G and A complements T |
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| in bacterial genetics, the transfer of one or more genes from one cell to another via a plasmid that travels through a conjugation tube |
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| any factor that tends to slow the rate of adaptive evolution or prevent a population from evolving the optimal value or a trait |
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| similarity between speicies that is caused by similar, but evolutionarily independent, responses to a common environmental problem |
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| species that are indistinguishable morphologically, but divergent in songs, calls, odors or other traits |
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| the extent to which an individual contributes genes to future generations, or an individual's score on a measure of performance correlated with genetic contribution to future generations (such as lifetime reproductive success) |
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| describes a trait that was not possessed by the common ancestor of the species on a branch of an evolutionary tree, in contrast with ancestral |
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| a lineage of animals that share a pattern of development, including radial cleavages and development of anus before mouth |
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| a difference between the verage survival, fecundity or number of matings achieved by individuals with certain phenotypes versus individuals with other phenotypes |
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| organism that develops from two embryonic tissue types (ectoderm/endoderm) |
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| fitness that is due to the production of offspring |
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| a research program taking a sample of the genes in an environment used in determining what species are present in that environment, then placing the organisms on a phylogentic tree; syn. with environmental sequencing |
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| that which occurs when individuals fitness tends to increase or decrease with the value of phenotypic trait; can result in steady evolutionary change in the mean value of the trait in the population |
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| occurs when individuals with more extreme values have higher fitness; can result in increased phenotypic variation in a population |
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| dominance genetic variation |
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| differences among individuals in a population that are due to the nonadditive effects of genes, such as dominance; typically means the genetic variation left over after the additive genetic variation has been taken into account |
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| dynamic stasis (or stasis) |
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| lack of morphological change over a long interval of evolution, despite many short term changes during the same interval, result is no net evolution |
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| a lineage of protosomes distinguished by the presence of molting |
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| effective population size (Ne) |
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| the size of an ideal random mating population (no selection, migration or mutation) that would lose geneetic variation via drift at the same rate as is observed in actual population |
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| a relationship in which an organism lives inside the body of another or within their cells (mitochondria) |
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| differences among individuals in a population that are due to differences in the environment they have experienced |
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| part of a protein that is recognized by the immune system and elicits an immune response; syn with antigenic site / determinant |
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| describes a social system characterized by overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and specialized reproductive / nonreproductive castes |
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| changes in allele frequency over times |
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| evolutionary stable strategy |
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| in game theory, a strategy or set f strategies that cannot be invaded by a new, alternative strategy |
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| that which occurs in response to reduction in fitness by the adaptation of a competitive organism thus causing future evolution in the first organism |
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| a diagram (typically an estimate) of the relationship of ancestry and descent among a group of species or populations; in a paleontolgocial studies the ancestors may be known from fossils, whereas in studies of extant species the ancestors may be hypothetical constructs. |
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| a nucleotide sequence that occurs between introns and that remains in the messenger RNA after the introns have been spliced out |
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| living today; opposed to extinct |
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| extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH) |
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| a measure of the linkage disequilibrium between an allele at a locus of interest and alleles at other loci on the same chromosome. allele a's EHH to a particular distance x is the probability that two randomly chosen chromosomes carrying a will have the same genotype at all marker loci between a and x |
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| the number of gametes produced by an individual usually in reference to the number of eggs produced by a female |
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| the extent to whioch an individual contributes genes to future generations, or an individual's score on a measure of performance expected to correlate with genetic contribution to future generations (such as lifetime reproductive success) |
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