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| The six proofs of evolution |
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biochemistry
embryos
vestiges
dna,rna,atp
analogous and homologous characteristics
fossils |
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| when the organism best suited or adapted to its environment survives. "Survival of the Fittest" |
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| esponsible for variation, it is an agent of evolution caused by the introduction of new genes into a population |
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| the process of change in the gene frequencies of a population from one generation to the next due to statistical phenomena in which purely chance events determine which alleles (variants of a gene) within a reproductive population will be carried forward while others disappear |
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| geologist, fried of darwins. uniformitarianism. |
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| first theory of evolution, before darwin. wrong abut the theory of "inner striving" but got the ball rolling on evolution and made a new classification system |
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| the process by which new species are formed from an existing species. A species is defined as a group of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated and produce viable offspring. |
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| the four parts of the darwin wallace theory of evolution |
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1. All species have the capacity to overproduce, but tend to remain stable in size because enviromental resources are limited.
2. Only a fraction of the offspring survive each generation due to competition for resources. Organisms in a population vary in their characteristics and much of the variation can be inherited.
3. Those organisms best suited to the environment as a consequence of their inherited traits leave more offspring. (Natural Selection)
4. This differential reproduction leads to a graudal change in a population and those traits best suited for the environment will accumulate over time (adaptation) |
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| two or more species that originate from a common ancestor. |
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two unrelated species that share similar traits which arise because each species is independently adapted to similar ecological conditions or lifestyles. The traits that resemble one another are referred to as
analogous traits. |
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| describes two related species or two related lineages that have made similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor. |
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| is the response evolution of one species to neew adaptations that occur in another species. For example, if a prey adapts to move more quickly, those predators selected for faster mobility would pass on the trait as they feed and proliferate and create more of the faster predators. |
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| In anatomy, two anatomical structures are considered to be analogous when they serve similar functions but are not evolutionarily related, such as the legs of vertebrates and the legs of insects. Analogous structures are the result of convergent evolution and should be contrasted with homologous structures. |
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| ore specifically, in evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. There are examples in different branches of biology. Anatomical structures that perform the same function in different biological species and evolved from the same structure in some ancestor species are homologous. |
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| theory of evolution: four parts (again) |
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Definition
Organisms have changed over time, and the ones living today are different from those that lived in the past. Furthermore, many organisms that once lived are now extinct. The world is not constant, but changing. The fossil record provided ample evidence for this view.
All organisms are derived from common ancestors by a process of branching. Over time, populations split into different species, which are related because they are descended from a common ancestor. Thus, if one goes far enough back in time, any pair of organisms has a common ancestor. This explained the similarities of organisms that were classified together -- they were similar because of shared traits inherited from their common ancestor. It also explained why similar species tended to occur in the same geographic region.
Change is gradual and slow, taking place over a long time. This was supported by the fossil record, and was consistent with the fact that no naturalist had observed the sudden appearance of a new species. [This is now contested by a view of episodes of rapid change and long periods of stasis, known as punctuated equilibrium].
The mechanism of evolutionary change was natural selection. This was the most important and revolutionary part of Darwin's theory, and it deserves to be considered in greater detail. |
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| the differential reproduction of genotypes. |
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| for natural selection to occur |
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There must be heritable variation for some trait. Examples: beak size, color pattern, thickness of skin, fleetness.
There must be differential survival and reproduction associated with the possession of that trait. |
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| is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e.g., species, populations). Also known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics, phylogenetics treats a species as a group of lineage-connected individuals over time |
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s the occurrence of small-scale changes in allele frequencies in a population, over a few generations, also known as change at or below the species level [1].
These changes may be due to several processes: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift and nonrandom mating. |
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| Macroevolution is a scale of analysis of evolution in separated gene pools.[1] Macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of species, in contrast with microevolution,[2] which refers to smaller evolutionary changes (typically described as changes in allele frequencies) within a species or population. |
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| Born in Russia where he trained as an entomologist, Dr. Dobzhansky emigrated to the USA where his research with fruit flies led to many publications in genetics. He was one of the principle founders of the neodarwinian synthesis and trained many students in biology, genetics and evolutionary theory. |
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change in history
no speciation |
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extinction
catastrophism
species per rock stratum |
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Natural Selection
Individuals within a population are phenotypically variable- and those differences can influence how well they acquire resources, (food, shelter, mates, etc.) and therefore can affect their reproductive success. |
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| also developed a theory of natural selection at the same time, collaborated with C.D. |
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Most species produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment.
2) Environmental resources are limited.
3) Most populations are stable in size.
4) Individuals vary greatly in their characteristics (phenotypes).
5) If this variation could be passed from parent to offspring, (or, is heritable), then future generations would be better suited to the environment than was the parental generation. (Darwin did not know about genetics – he was unaware of Mendel’s work) |
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Macroevoltuion (speciation and formation of new lineages)
Microevolution (change in the gene pool of a population over successive generations.)
Gene pool- the total sum of all alleles that are found in a population at any one time. The genetic diversity of a population. |
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| natural selection yet again |
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Definition
There is a struggle for survival there are way too many offspring produced than can possibly survive to adulthood
Survival is not random – phenotypic differences influence how individuals perform.
Individuals better adapted to the environment leave more offspring than those lacking these favorable traits. Differential reproduction.
Leads to a change in the population with the accumulation of more suitable versions of traits (slightly faster hunters, slightly thicker bills, etc.)
Over time, new species evolve IFF there is a heritable basis to the phenotypic variation. – this can be very rapid. |
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| adaptation and evolutionary fitness |
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An adaptation is a trait that increases the fi
tness of an individual.
Evolutionary (Darwinian) fitness is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of others. |
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| microevolution is a response to natural selection |
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| Natural selection acts on an individual in one generation, and the result is the evolution of the population between generations. |
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| Combines field of population genetics with Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. |
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| The physical, observable characteristics determined by the genotype of an organism. |
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| where an organism fits in best and affects |
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