Term
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Definition
| any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| a chain of ancestors and their descendents |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanism that can lead to evolution, whereby differential survival or reproduction of individuals causes some genetic types to outcompete others |
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Term
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Definition
| the independent origin of similar traits in separate lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics are similar in two or more species because they are inherited from a common ancester |
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Term
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Definition
| a derived form of a trait that is shared by a group of related species. |
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Term
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Definition
| a visual representation of the evolutionary history or a population, genes, or species |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution arising from random changes in the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| measurable aspects of organisms, such as morphology, physiology, and behaviour. Genes interact with the environment during the development of the phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
the idea that the natural laws observable around us now are also responsible for events in the past. One part of this view, for example, was the idea that the Earth had been shaped by the cumulative action of gradual processes like sediment deposition and erosion
Earth's landscapes had been created not by gigantic catastrophes but by a series of many small changes |
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Term
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Definition
| traits are similar because they have converged on a shared form. They have not derived from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited aspects of an individual that allow it to outcomepete other member of a population that lack the trait (or that have a slightly different version of the trait). Adaptation are traits that have evolved through the mechanism of natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| arises when individuals of one sex (usually males) compete with each other over access to individuals of the other sex. It can lead to the evolution of traits like showy ornaments or weapons that improve an individuals chances of mating |
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Term
| How old is the Earth? How do we know? |
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Definition
4.568 billion years
19th century scientist debated the age of the Earth.
Studies of radioactive isotopes give us the currently accepted age.
Darwin was closer than Kelvin |
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Term
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Definition
| a site with an abundant supply of unusually well-preserved fossils from the same period of time, often including soft tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| A Lagerstatten in Canada that preserved fossils from the Cambrain period |
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Term
| How old is the Earth? How do we know? |
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Definition
4.568 billion years
19th century scientist debated the age of the Earth.
Studies of radioactive isotopes give us the currently accepted age.
Darwin was closer than Kelvin |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular evidence of life in the fossil record. biomarkers can include fragments of DNA, molecules such as lipids, or isotopic ratios. |
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Term
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Definition
| layered strs formed by the mineralization of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of animal species that existed btw 575 and 535 MYA. pre-cambrian animals! |
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Term
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Definition
members of a diverse phylum of animals that includes the vertebrates, lancelets, and tunicates.
Chordates all have a notochord, a hollow nerce cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail as embryos.
dating back 515 MYA |
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Term
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Definition
| extinct marine arthropods that diversifies during the Cambrian period and gradually died out during the Devonian period. endured until 251 MYA |
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Term
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Definition
| a flexible, rod-shaped str found in the embryos of all chordates. The first "backbones; in early chordates and in extant vertebrates the embryonic notochords becomes part of the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
microorganisms lacking a cell nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles. Comprise two evolutionarily distinct groups: Bacteria and Archea.
earliest hints of terrestrial life |
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Term
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Definition
vertebrates with four limbs (or descended from vertebrates with four limbs). Living tetrapods include mammals, birds, herps.
about 370 MYA |
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Term
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Definition
a lineage of bony fish that comprises most living species of vertebrates.
Include goldfish, tuna, salmon.
Can be distinguished from other fish by unique traits such as the mobility of an uper jawbone called the premaxillary. |
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Term
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Definition
a lineage of tetrapods that emerged 300 MYA and have rise to mammals.
Can be distinguished from other tetrapods by the presence of a pair of openings in the skull behind the eyes, known as the temporal fenestrae |
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Term
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Definition
| humans and all species more closely related to humans than to chimps` |
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Term
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Definition
Missing link btw fish and tetrapods. Flat skull, neck, can bend front appendages. Pelvis and spine NOT attached.
375 MYA |
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Term
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Definition
| lineages evolving through time that connect successive speciation or other branching events |
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Term
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Definition
| points in a phylogeny where a lineage splits |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal ends of an evolutionary tree, representing species, molecules, or populations between compared |
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Term
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Definition
| nodes that occur within a phylogeny and represent ancestral population or species |
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Term
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Definition
| single "branches" in the tree of life; each clade represents an organism and all of its descendents |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a group of organisms that form a clade. taxonomic unit must be monophyletic to be considered legitimate. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes taxon that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the tzxon |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a group of organisms that share a common ancestor although the group does not include all descendants of that common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| heritable aspects of organisms that can be compared across taxa |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of organisms that a toxonomist judges to be cohesive taxonomic units, such as a species or order |
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Term
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Definition
derived form of a trait that is shared by a group of related species -> evolved in the immediate common ancestor in a clade and inherited by all the descendants
shared derived traits/characters |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of organisms that are outside of the monophyletic group being considered. Can be used to infer the ancestral states of characters |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a character state similarity NOT due to shared descent (e.g. produced by convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal) |
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Term
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Definition
| independent origin of similar traits in separate evolutionary lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the reversion of a derived character state to a form resembling its ancestral state |
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Term
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Definition
a principle that guides the selection of alternative hypotheses; the alternative requiring the fewest assumption or steps is usually best.
In cladistics, scientist search for tree topography with the least number of character-state changes - the most parsimonious. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes an internal node of a phylogeny with more than two branches |
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Term
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Definition
one of the closest living relatives of tetrapods
live in the deep sea off the coast of Africa and the waters around Indonesia |
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Term
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Definition
| Clade containing tetrapods, coelacanths, and lungfishes` |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of genetic material-other than from parent to offspring-to another organism, sometimes a distantly related one, without reproduction. Once this material is added to the recipients's genome, it can be inherited by descent |
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Term
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Definition
one living branch of mammals
lay eggs, produce milk thru loose network of glands
platypus |
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Term
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Definition
One branch of living mammals
living young which crawl into pouch on mother's belly |
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Term
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Definition
one branch of living mammals
all mammals that develop a placenta to feed embryos in the uterus
us |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that initially carries out one fxn and is later co-opted for a new fxn. The original fxn may or may not be retained |
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Term
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Definition
genetic makeup of an individual.
Includes all the alleles of all the genes in that individual, the term is often used to refer to the specific alleles carried by an individual for any particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| observable, measurable characteristics of an organism. A phenotype may be a morphological str, a developmental process, a physiological process or performance trait, a behaviour, or a molecule produced by a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the simultaneous occurrence of two or more discrete phenotype within a single population. |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype, depending on environmental circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
measurable phenotypes that vary among individuals over a given range to produce a continuous distribution of phenotypes.
Complex traits
polygenic traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the distribution of alleles within populations and the mechanisms that can cause allele frequencies to change over time |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific location of a gene or piece of DNA sqn on a chromosome. When mutations modify the sqn at a locus, they generate new alleles-variants of a particular gene or DNA region. Alleles are mutually exclusive alternatives states for a genetic locus. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the absence of drift, selection, migration, and mutation, allele frequencies at a genetic locus will not change from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| an allele that remains in a population when all of the alternative alleles have disappeared. No genetic variation exists at a fixed locus within a population, because all individuals are genetically identical at that locus. |
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Term
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Definition
| an event in which the number of individuals in a population is reduced drastically. Even if this dip in number is temporary, it can have a lasting effect of the genetic variation of a population. |
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Term
|
Definition
a type of genetic drift
describes the loss of allelic variation that accompanies founding of a new population from a very small number of individuals.
New population can differ significantly from the source population. |
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Term
| inbreeding coefficient (F) |
|
Definition
the probability that the two alleles at any locus in an individual will be identical because of common descent.
F can be estimated for an individual F(pedigree) by measuring the reduction in heterozygosity across loci w/in the genome of that individual attributable to inbreeding.
Can be estimated for a population using the reduction in heterozygosity at one or a few loci sampled for many different individuals w/in the pop. |
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Term
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Definition
| a reduction in the average fitness of inbred individuals relative to that of outbred individuals. It arises because rare, recessive alleles become expressed in a homozygous state where they can detrimentally affect the performance of individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of continuous phenotypic traits and their underlying evolutionary mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical measure of the dispersion of trait values about their mean |
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Term
Broad sense heritaility
H^2 |
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Definition
| the proportion of the total phenotypic variance of a trait that is attributable to genetic variance, where genetic variance is represented in its entirety as a single event (not broken down into different components) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of continuous phenotypic traits and their underlying evolutionary mechanisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statistical measure of the dispersion of trait values about their mean |
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Term
Broad sense heritaility
H^2 |
|
Definition
| the proportion of the total phenotypic variance of a trait that is attributable to genetic variance, where genetic variance is represented in its entirety as a single event (not broken down into different components) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that is attributable to genetic variation among individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the effects of an allele at one genetic locus are modified by alleles at one or more other loci |
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Term
narrow sense heritability
h^2 |
|
Definition
the proportion of the total phynotypic variance of a trait attributed to the additive effects of alleles. This is the component of variance that causes offspring to resemble their parents, and it causes pops to evolve predictably in response to selection.
*does not include dominance or epistasis (when meiosis is present) |
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Term
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Definition
a measure of the strength of phenotypic selection.
The selection of differential describes the difference between the mean of the reproducing members of the population who contribute offspring to the next generation and the mean of all members of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
Individuals with a trait value close to the mean might fare less well than individuals at the ends of the distribution.
change from normal distribution to two isolated peaks. |
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Term
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Definition
Selection favours traits with values at the middle of the distribution
Tends to keep the population moving away from a narrow range of values for the trait |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection favors trait values on one end of the distribution, the population may evolved in that direction |
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Term
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Definition
R = h^2 x S
R= evolutionary response
h^2=narrow sense heritability
S = phenotypic variation that influences fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| selection resulting from human activity when breeders non-randomly choose individuals with economically favourable traits to use as breeding stock, the impose strong artificial selection on those traits. |
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Term
| ecological character displacement |
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Definition
| evolution driven by competition between species for a shared resource. Traits evolve in opposing directions, minimizing overlap between the species. |
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Term
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Definition
1707-1778
the invariability of species is the condition for order
binomial "two names" species name
systema naturae |
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Term
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Definition
1744-1829
"inheritance of acquired traits"
1st law: use/disuse causes strs to enlarge/shrink
2nd law: all such changes were heritable |
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Term
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Definition
1809-1882
natural selection -> evolution
origin of species: 1859
1. individuals w.in a species are variable
2. some of the phenotypic variation among individuals is inherited by their offspring
3. in every gen, more offspring are produced than can survive therefore, only some will breed
4. the survival and reproduction of individuals is not random: individuals with the most favourable variation will survive and reproduce the most are thus "naturally selected" |
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Term
| Lyell's principles of geology |
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Definition
| geologic change as the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of life |
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Term
| Malthus "essay on the principle of population" |
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Definition
human populations increase geometrically
food sources increase arithmetically
population outstrips its resources
*provided mechanism for evolution by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
1823-1913
"...nither did the giraffe acquire its long neck by desirin to reach the foliage of the more lofty shrubs, and constantly stretching its neck for the purpose, but because any varieties which occurred aong its antitypes with a longer neck than usual at once secured a fresh range of pasture over the same ground as their shorter-necked companions, and on the first scarcity of food were thereby enabled to outlive them..." |
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Term
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Definition
1825-1895
"darwin's bulldog"
famous debate against archbishop wilberforce june 1860
"i would rather be the offspring of two apes than be a man and afraid to face the truth" |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritance elements act like pigment in paint |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritance elements act like pigment in paint |
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Term
| difficulties with Darwin's theory |
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Definition
1. never resolved the relationship btw natural selection and "the effects of use and disuse" lamarck
2. could not explain how thhe initial effects of natural selection (for white fur) would be nullified by corssing btw the selected individuals and the rest of the population with black fur |
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Term
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Definition
genetics and the origin of species 1937
- pop. genetics
- chromosome theory + variation
- mendel + darwin = neodarwinism
- mutations with small phenotypic affects were important
- experiment intrxn btw genetic drift and selection |
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Term
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Definition
"systematics and the origin of species" 1942
natural selection acts on the whole organism, not on single genes. Therefore critical of theorectical population geneticist.
allopatric speciation |
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Term
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Definition
"tempo and mode in evolution" 1944
fossil horses with linear fossil sqn with toe reduction
opposed to Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift |
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Term
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Definition
"Variation and Evolution in plants" 1950
hybridization and polyploids can create new species
allopolyploids (from 2 species):new environments
autopolyploids (doubling w.in a species): some genes new fxns |
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Term
Neodarwinian Synthesis
1936-1947 |
|
Definition
Evolution by Natural Selection
1. Populations contain genetic variations that arise by random mutation and recombination
2. populations evolve by changes in gene frquencies brought about by random drift, gene flow, and especially natural selection
3. the most adaptive genetic variants have individually slight phenotypic effects so that phenotypic changes are gradual
4. diversification comes about by speciation, which ordinarily entails the gradual evolution of reproductive isolation among geographically isolated populations
5. speciation processes eventually give rise to changes of such great magnitude as to warrant the designation of higher toxonomic levels (genera, families, and so forth) |
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Term
| biases of the fossil record |
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Definition
classes w/ hard parts most common
marine anials living in mud more likely to be preserved then animals living on a rock shore or terrestrial animals
fossils:
1) impression
2) perimineralized
3) casts and molds
4) exceptional preservation (rare) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mats of filamentous cyanbacteria 2bya |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| earliest bacteria fossils |
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Definition
(potentially 3.45bya)
abundant by ~2.6 bya
- stromalites corresponding to rise in oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| key concepts: first bacteria life |
|
Definition
potential biochemical signs of life date to 3.7 bya (controversial)
earliest accepted stromalite fossils of mats of filamentous bacteria (cyanobacteria) date to 3.45 bya
life present on earth only 0.5 bys after our planet's formation!
bacteria still constitute most of the earth's biodiversity |
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Term
| oldest multicellular animal |
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Definition
small sponge 600 mya from southern china
*controversial |
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Term
| key concepts: first multicellular eukaryotic life |
|
Definition
transition to multicelluar plant life began at least 1.6 bya (green algae)
transition from unicellular to multicellular may have occured multiple times and possibly independently for:
- multicellular eumetazoan animals
- sponges
- green seaweeds
- red seaweeds
- brown seaweeds
- fungi |
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Term
| Ediacaran multicellular animals |
|
Definition
diverse and unique animals dominated the oceans from 575 - 535 mya
hard to place taxonomically
radial symmetry
rangia bilaterally symmetrical instead of radial
only a fraction of Ediacaran animal fauna share traits with existing animal lineages
-almost all extinct w.in 40my |
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Term
Cambrian explosion!
arthropods |
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Definition
1. bilateral symmetry
2. segmented bodies
3. hard exoskeletons
4. jointed legs
5. many appendages |
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Term
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Definition
a marine onychophoran
Walcott thought this species was an annelid worm.
Modern annelid worms exist |
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Term
|
Definition
a marine onychophoran?
priapulid worm |
|
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Term
| Prof Hary B Whittington F.R.S. |
|
Definition
realized that some burgess shale species do not fit into existing classes of invertebrates
marella - not a trilobite or anything |
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Term
|
Definition
Opabinia regalis
H: increase in predation pressure mid-Cambrain constrained large morphological changes |
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Term
|
Definition
large swimming predator on crustaceans
originally ID'd as four separate body parts then put together by Derek Briggs |
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Term
|
Definition
| like anomalocaris canadensis but difference in head shape, arm morphology, and has no fantail |
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Term
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Definition
515 mya
lagerstatten in china
shows the armed anterior appendages and primnet eyes. the central gut and dark paired strs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
3 eras
Paleozoic 541 - 252 mya
(trilobites, esp. early)
Mesozoic 252 mya - 66 mya
(non-avian Dinosaurs)
Cenozoic 66mya-recent
(horses)
*well strudied |
|
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Term
|
Definition
20,000 species
0.3 - 70 cm
highest diversity if Cambrian but continued until end of paleozoic
molted thick chitinous exoskeleton
"three lobes": axial and left and right pleural lobes. There were biramous tiny legs under the pleural lobes.
compound eyes (similar to insects)
shed hard exoskeleton to allow growth (likely)
fed mostly on particles although some could crush prey in the bases of their legs
mass extinction at end of Cambrian and end of Ordovician |
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Term
| 1st terrestrial vertebrates |
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Definition
oldest trackways date to 390 mya
oldest fossils of tetrapods date to 370 mya |
|
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Term
|
Definition
evolved from synapsids (dominant 280 mya)
1st mammals 150mya |
|
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Term
| two pelvis types of Dinosauria |
|
Definition
reptile hipped
e.g. Allosaura
dominant in Triassic
bird-hipped
e.g. Stegosaurus
Dominant in Cretaceous |
|
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Term
| Horse evolution in the cenozoic |
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Definition
| trends: 4 toes -> 3 toes -> 1 toe. Complex molars from browsing to grazing. |
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Term
|
Definition
biological species concept
morphological species concept
phylogenetic species concept |
|
|
Term
| biological species concept |
|
Definition
| groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups |
|
|
Term
| morphological species concept |
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Definition
| difference in the mean value of a diagnostic morphological trait btw two groups is greater than the average variation within each group |
|
|
Term
| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| smallest possible group descending from a common ancestor and recognizable by unique, derived (binary) traits |
|
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Term
|
Definition
only branching order matters
monophyletic groups = clades/lineages
-> ancestor + ALL of its descendents |
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Term
|
Definition
transitional fossil btw fish and tetrapods predicted in Devonian sedimentary rock
forelimbs share homologies with tetrapods: has wrist and neck but not five digits
**neck & push-ups |
|
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Term
|
Definition
independent
homologous
maximize variability but minimize homoplasy
available in large numbers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
character state similarity not due to common descent
convergent evolution, evolutionary reversals |
|
|
Term
| parsimony informative sites (PI) |
|
Definition
| a base position site that has at least two different bases that are each present in at least two different species (taxa) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the tree with the minimum number of hypothetical evolutionary changes is the preferred tree |
|
|
Term
distance matrix
(e.g. neighbour joining) |
|
Definition
| clusters taxa based on genetic distance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| finds most likely tree given specific model of molecular evolution |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| looks at the probability that a tree is correct given a specific model of molecular evolution |
|
|
Term
molecular markers
application for ecologists |
|
Definition
1) barcoding to find cryptic (morphologically-similar) species
2)population genetic structure: management units of fisheries or wildlife populations
3) figuring out who is the biological father
4)estimating rates of migration among populations
5) estimating genetic diversity in small or endangered populations |
|
|
Term
| 2 populare neutral molecular markers for population ecologists |
|
Definition
1) snigle nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in nuclear or mitochondiral DNA fragment
(difference in sqn detected among alleles)
2) microsatellites (STRs): single tandem repeats of 10 to 30 copies of a two to four base pair DNA sqn
(differences in size detected among alleles) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene that has lost its ability to produce a useful product and therefore is no longer expressed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
can genotype very small tissue sample, feather, hair, feces, fin clips, scales, copepods
can use easy crude DNA extraction methods w/ colour coded kit
millions of copies of your target DNA fragment: so can determine swn |
|
|
Term
effective population size
Ne |
|
Definition
the size of an ideal population that would undergo the same amt of genetic drift as the population under consideration
Â
Ne > 50 prevents inbreeding
Ne > 500 prevents loss of alleles from drift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the reproductive succes of an individual with a particular phenotype
Â
components:
- surviving to reproductive age
- mating success
- fecundity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fitness of a genotype standardized by comparison to other genotypes |
|
|
Term
| 5 forces that drive evolution |
|
Definition
mutation
Â
non-random mating
Â
gene flow
Â
genetic drift
Â
natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inherited traits that result in individuals being favoured by natural selection in certain environments |
|
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Term
|
Definition
 trait that has been co-opted for a use other than the one for which natural selection has built it.
"borrowed traits" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
 trait that has been co-opted for a use other than the one for which natural selection has built it.
"borrowed traits" |
|
|
Term
| plants' colonization of the land was made possible by a symbiotic relationship with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of spatially separated populations of the same species that interact at some level (e.g. exchange alleles) |
|
|
Term
| general lineage species concept |
|
Definition
| the idea that species are metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool and therefore the same evolutionary lineage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| on aspect of the environment, genetics, behaviour, physiology, or ecology of a species that reduces or impedes gene flow from individuals of other species. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary process by which species arise. Speciation caused one evolutionary lineage to split into two or more lineages |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when populations are in separate, non-overlapping geographic areas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when populations are in the same geographic area |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the sperm or pollen from one species fails to penetrate and fertilize the egg or ovule of another species |
|
|
Term
| prezygotic reproductive barriers |
|
Definition
aspects of the genetics, behaviour, physiology, or ecology og a species that prevent sperm from on species from fertilizing eggs of another species.
Reduce the likelihood that a zygote will form |
|
|
Term
| postzygotic reproductive barries |
|
Definition
| aspects of the genetics, behaviour, physilogy, or ecolgy of a species that prevent zygotes from successfully developing and reproducing themselves |
|
|
Term
| Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities |
|
Definition
| genetic incompatibilities in hybrid offspring arising from epistatic interactions between two or more loci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the increase of reproductive isolation between populations through a selection against hybrid offspring |
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Definition
| the evolution of a new species within a spatially extended population that still has some gene flow |
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Definition
| a pattern in which populations that live in close proximity are genetically more similar to each other than populations that live farther apart |
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Definition
| evolution of reproductive barriers between populations by adaptation to different environments or ecological niches |
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Definition
| polyploidy (more than two paired chromosomes) resulting from interspecific hybridization. |
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Definition
| lineages that historically have been treated as one species because they are morphologically similar but that are later revealed to be genetically distinct |
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Definition
Cohan
microbes undergo ecological speciation like animals and plants do
when microbes adapt to a particular ecological niche it's appropriate to them a species |
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Definition
| evolution occurring above the species lvl, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time |
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Definition
| evolution occurring within adaptive populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| the study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time |
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Definition
| the movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all |
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Definition
| the formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations |
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Definition
| evolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches |
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Term
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Definition
443 mya; 3.3 - 1.9 million y
57% genera, 86% species lost
alternating glacial, interglacial periods
uplift and weathering of Appalachians affecting atmospheric and ocean chem
sequestration of carbon dioxide, lowering avg global T |
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Term
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Definition
359 mya; < 60,000 y
35% genera, 75% species lost
global cooling (followed by global cooling)
diversification of land plants -> weathering, soil formation, fall in [carbon]atmospheric
evidence for widespread deep water anoxic waters
some evidence impacts for asteroid/comet? |
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Term
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Definition
443 mya; 3.3 - 1.9 million y
57% genera, 86% species lost
alternating glacial, interglacial periods
uplift and weathering of Appalachians affecting atmospheric and ocean chem
sequestration of carbon dioxide, lowering avg global T |
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Term
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Definition
359 mya; < 60,000 y
35% genera, 75% species lost
global cooling (followed by global cooling)
diversification of land plants -> weathering, soil formation, fall in [carbon]atmospheric
evidence for widespread deep water anoxic waters
some evidence impacts for asteroid/comet? |
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Term
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Definition
252 mya; < 60,000y
56% of genera, 96% of species lost
siberian volcanism
global warming
spread of deep marine anoxic waters
elevated hydrogen sulfide and carbon concentration in both marine and terrestrial realms
ocean acidification
impact? |
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Term
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Definition
200 mya; 8.3 my - 600,000y
47% genera, 80% species lost
activity in central atlantic magmatic province -> elevated carbon dioxide levels
increased global temperatures
-> lead to calcification crisis in world's oceans |
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Term
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Definition
65 mya; 2.5 my - < 1 year!
40% of genera, 76% of species lost
impact in the Yucatan
-> global cataclysm
-> rapid cooling
good bye dinosaurs we love you but are also sort of glad we don't have to share the earth with you because we've all seen Jurassic Park |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two gametes; individuals producing the larger gamete (egg) are defined as female, and individuals producing the smaller gamete (sperm) are defined as males |
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Term
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Definition
| the reproductive capacity of an individual, such as the number and quality of eggs and sperm. As a measure of relative fitness, fecundity refers to the number of offspring produced by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability that a male is the genetic sire of the offspring his mate produces |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of male to female individuals who are available for reproducing at any given time |
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Term
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Definition
| the differential success resulting from the competition for fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when members of the limiting sex (generally females) actively discriminate among suitors of the less limited sex
female choice |
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Term
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Definition
the members of the less limiting sex (generally males) compete with each other over reproductive access to the limiting sex
male-male competition |
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Term
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Definition
| a difference in form btw males and females of a species, including colour, body size, and the presence or absence of strs used in courtship displays or in contests |
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Term
| opportunity for selection |
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Definition
refers to the variance in fitness within a population.
no variance -> no selection
*opportunity for selection constrains the intensity of selection that is possible |
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Term
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Definition
| benefits that affects a particular female directly, such as food, nest sites, or protection |
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Term
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Definition
| benefits that affect the genetic quality of a particular female's offspring, such as male offspring that are more desirable to females |
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Term
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Definition
| assemblages of rival males who cluster together to perform courtship displays in close proximity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
unique mix of australopithecus and homo traits
a.
small brain size
long, high cheekbones
primitive molar cusps
small body size
long upper limbs
primitive heel bones
h.
front brain reorganized
projecting nose
smaller teeth and chewing muscles
hips less flared, similar to humans
longer legs
hand with precision grip |
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Term
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Definition
tools associated with hominins btw 1.6mya and 100,000 ya. these tools are found across Africa, much of W. Asia, and Europe.
Often found in association w. Homo erectus remains.
*display more sophistication in construction than Oldowan tools |
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Term
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Definition
tools associated with hominins btw 1.6mya and 100,000 ya. these tools are found across Africa, much of W. Asia, and Europe.
Often found in association w. Homo erectus remains.
*display more sophistication in construction than Oldowan tools |
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Term
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Definition
800,000ya
brain ~ 1200 cc
hunting -> cooperation
no art?
evolved into Neanderthals |
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Term
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Definition
tools formed by a distinctive method of stone knapping involving the striking of flakes from a prepared cone.
Technique more sophisticated than earlier styles, flakes could be shaped sharp scrapers, knives, and projectile points |
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Term
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Definition
brain size = us
diet rich in meat
jewelry?
intentionally buried their dead
disappear ~ 40,000 ya |
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Term
| Earliest homo sapien found |
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Definition
skull cap
Ethiopia
195,000ya |
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Term
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Definition
accelerating pace of change
tools acquire local flavour and are traded over large distances
self-expression |
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Term
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Definition
another lineage of hominins found in Siberia
share a common ancestor with modern human and neanderthals
people alive today in Southeast Asia and australia have denisovan alleles |
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Term
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Definition
little, only a meter tall
small brain
possible descent/relative homo erectus |
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Term
additive genetic variance
Va |
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Definition
| generic variance associated with the average effects of substituting one allele for another |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypic variation caused by the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| deeper and wider beaks in finches |
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Term
| higher calmodulin expression |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ancient genetic tool kit in bilateral symmetrical animals
Hix gene order reflect order of body sigement
Hox genes control axes of symmetry and location and types of appendages |
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Term
Debate: Darwinian Evolution
pros and cons |
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Definition
pro:
1) homology: common blueprint
2) vestigial structures
con:
1) trait must be there for selection to act -> birds with non-functional wings
2) we have not recently seen new phyla of animals being created |
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Term
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Definition
| traits in different lineages arise from the same inherited regulatory networks |
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Term
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Definition
| has two pairs of antenna, 8 thoracic segments with walking leg, and 6 biramous abdominal appendages with swimming appendages |
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Term
Two predictions of Bateman's original hypothesis
(now recognized as partially incorrect) |
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Definition
P1: males should compete among themselves for opportunities to mate and be promiscuous
P2: females should choosy and chaste |
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Term
| postcopulation competition |
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Definition
mate guarding or vagina plugs
sperm removal (spikes on penis)
sperm pro'n (big testes)
faster sperm (big midpiece)
semen toxic to other male's sperm |
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Term
barcoding mitochondrial gene
COI for likely different species |
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Definition
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Term
barcoding mitochondrial gene
COI for CERTAINLY different species |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Criteria for verifying sympatric speciation in nature |
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Definition
1. complete or substantial present sympatry of taxa
2. sympatric taxa are true sister taxa in phylogeny
3. (genetically based) reproductive isolation between taxa
4. bioegeography and evolutionary history of taxa must make the existence of allopatry extremely unlikely |
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Term
order primates: Prosimians
synapmorphies |
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Definition
five digits with fingernails
ancestral dental pattern (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
thumb opposable
forward facing binocular colour vision |
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Term
order primates: Prosimians
synapmorphies |
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Definition
five digits with fingernails
ancestral dental pattern (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
thumb opposable
forward facing binocular colour vision |
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Term
order primates: Prosimians
synapmorphies |
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Definition
five digits with fingernails
ancestral dental pattern (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
thumb opposable
forward facing binocular colour vision |
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Term
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Definition
typically have prehensile tails and brachiate using trees
nostrils face sideways |
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Term
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Definition
typically have prehensile tails and brachiate using trees
nostrils face sideways |
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Term
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Definition
typically have prehensile tails and brachiate using trees
nostrils face sideways |
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Term
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Definition
typically arboreal, quandruped
primarily folivore, ruminent-type, four chambered stomach
tails NOT prehensile
nostrils facing forward |
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Term
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Definition
typically arboreal, quandruped
primarily folivore, ruminent-type, four chambered stomach
tails NOT prehensile
nostrils facing forward |
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Term
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Definition
typically arboreal, quandruped
primarily folivore, ruminent-type, four chambered stomach
tails NOT prehensile
nostrils facing forward |
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Term
Derived characters shared among higher primates (Hominidae)
"synapomorphie" |
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Definition
bipedal
opposable thumb contacts forefinger pad (OK)
use gestures; ability to learn sign language
helpless infants stay with mother for several years: cultural transmission of tool use
late sexual maturity (teenage phase)
use tools
chimps hunt game and meat
complex but variable social and mating systems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Derived characters unique to humans |
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Definition
thick thumb with three extra muscles
ability to construct and use sophisticated tools
spoken language
larynx has descended in throat (more chocking)
reduced masticatory muscle volume (mutation)
females wide hips and vagina; large infant heads
females menstruate, have continuous estrus but concealed ovulation. Move slowly when pregnant
art and musical instruments
religion and burial of dead
controlled use of fire for cooking; less chewing |
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Term
| Hominid migration out of Africa |
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Definition
H. erectus 1.8 Ma
H. heidelbergensis 0.8 Ma
H. sapiens 60 Ka |
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