Term
| a high portion of enzyme-coding loci are polymorphic true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| most evolution is caused by two things and they are |
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Definition
| mutations and genetic drift |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by Kimura DNA or protein sequences that are mutated once in a great while are advantageous. The majority of mutations are neutral and fixed by genetic drift. |
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Term
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Definition
Evolutionary substitutions proceed at about the same rate, so the degree of sequence difference between species can serve as a molecular clock so we can determine the divergence times of species.
Find the time of divergence of species.. ? |
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Term
| Does natural selection account for much of the base pair substitutions? |
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Definition
only a very small fraction of DNA sequence is caused by natural selection
because the mutant allele is similar to other alleles in its survival and reproduction .. that changes in its frequency are from genetic drift alone. |
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Term
| formula for size of population (Ne) \Nf are effects of females Nm are effects of males |
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Definition
Ne = 4Nf X Nf
________
Nf + Nm |
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Term
Example if there are 10 dominate males and all the 50 of the females mate
then the population is what? |
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Definition
N= 100 = 50males 50 female
4 X 50 / 50 + 10 = 33.3
effect on population is not the same for male and female population |
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Term
| In a phylogeny, the ______ of a branch is proportional to the rate of _____ ______ |
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Definition
| length is proportional to the rte of nucleotide substitutions |
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Term
| important factor in effective population size |
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Definition
| deleterious mutations as well as neutral ones can be fixed in small populations in which genetic drift is more effective than in larger populations. |
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Term
| the only evolutionary mechanism to produce adaptation |
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Definition
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Term
| other forces that can change allele frequencies in a population over time and thus result in evolution. |
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Definition
| genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, and then there is (man-made) non-random mating |
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Term
| The number of reproducing individuals |
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Definition
the effective population size
is one factor that determines how the population behaves genetically over time (how strong the effects of genetic drift are). A genetically meaningful representation of this smaller population size is called the effective population size |
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Term
| example of genetic drift through the bottleneck effect |
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Definition
say hunters killed all but 21
consisting of one male and 20 females...
the effect was low variation.. |
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Term
Genetic drift increases variation _____ populations
and decreases variation____ a population over time. |
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Definition
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Term
Ne (population size) follows the _______
mean, not the numeric mean |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Harmonic Mean is kind of average./// to find effective size divide the sum by n, then take the reciprocal (1/n) of the result.
_______n______
1/a + 1/b + 1/c |
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Term
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Definition
| is a + b + c + d / 4 to find the average |
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Term
| human migration and multiregional hypothesis are similar |
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Definition
Humans first left Africa (first southern Asia, China, and Java, later Europe) by 1.8 million years ago.
Humans today different anatomically and behaviorally from archaic people before 40,000 years ago
Recent people are called "modern" humans.
Human populations today are genetically very similar to each other.
African populations today are more genetically diverse than populations in other parts of the world.
Recent humans in Europe and Asia share a few features with the ancient archaic people who lived in those places before 40,000 years ago. |
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Term
| multiregional evolution hypothesis |
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Definition
| independent multiple origins shared multiregional evolution with continuous gene flow between continental populations occurred in the million years since Homo erectus came out of Africa (the trellis theory).and slowly became us. But really we became us and then left africa but not all of us left. |
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Term
| how is it shown that human ancestors lived in Africa |
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Definition
| Humans have low genetic variation today, and this variation is highest in Africa, and much lower in other parts of the world. This shows that most modern human ancestors lived in a small population within Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
A second migration out of Africa happened about 100,000 years ago, in which anatomically modern humans of African origin conquered the world by completely replacing archaic human populations The first humans to leave Africa 1.8 million years ago divided into different species during the Pleistocene. Species are defined by reproductive isolation, so the evolution of these several species of humans was separate. The fossil archaic humans that we find throughout the Old World belonged to these several species, but only one branch of this ancient family tree could give rise to today's humanity.
This branch was African. The origin of modern humans in Africa explains why today's Africans are more genetically variable than other populations --- they were the first human population to expand, and other populations were founded later. The recent origin explains why today's human populations are genetically similar -- they haven't had time to diverge very much.
The resemblances with archaic humans in some modern people are explained either as a result of parallel evolution --- the same selection in the same place leads to similar features --- or as a result of slight genetic contributions from archaic humans into today's populations |
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Term
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Definition
| the same selection in the same place leads to similar features |
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Term
| argument against multiregional |
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Definition
| modern humans are simply too much alike to be evolved from different Homo erectus groups, but more reasonable models = you could account for the similarities in human beings on our planet because there was lots of gene flow between these independently evolved groups. |
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Term
| real world implications according to this class |
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Definition
| one must resist thinking everyone left Africa. Some stayed in Africa and some migrated |
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Term
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Definition
| African forebears lived in small and isolated populations which evolved more or less independently. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ‘out of Africa’ model is currently the most widely accepted model. It proposes that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa before migrating across the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ‘multi-regional’ model proposes that the evolution of Homo sapiens took place in a number of places over a long period of time. The intermingling of the various populations eventually led to the single Homo sapiens species we see today. |
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Term
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Definition
alleles sampled from a population can be traced back to a single ancestor.
a model of the distribution of gene divergence in a genealogy ... based on
a sample of an individuals rather than knowledge of an entire population.
The coalescent can be used to simulate a large number of possible
genealogies. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
probability of surviving to reproduce
average number of off springs ♂ has
average number of off springs ♀ has |
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Term
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Definition
| that what is natural is good |
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Term
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Definition
| function that has evolved b natural selection for that function by enhancing the rate of increase fitness, of biological entities with that feature |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in fitness among phenotypically different biological entities not chance. may occur as genes, individual organisms population and species |
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Term
| selection at the gene level |
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Definition
| or organisms is most important.. the numbers and turnover rates are greater than those of populations or species . may ebenefit the species but not the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| trait that has been co-opted for a use other than the one for which natural selection has built it... like the stinging female or feathers might have originally arisen in the context of selection for insulation, and only later were they co-opted for flight. |
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Term
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Definition
functions natural selection with that feature and genes like color to hide
effects or consequences that were not its function.. being hidden then survives |
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Term
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Definition
| The forces acting to cause differential reproductive success of one allele over another in a heterozygote. |
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Term
| When does the professor say we left africa? |
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Definition
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Term
homoeroctis
out of Africa hypothesis does fossil record agree? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in some locales they died out but in others they lived. |
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Term
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Definition
| there were two migration of African-born Homo species. First, Homo erectus moved into the Middle East, Europe and Asia between a million and two million years ago. Homo erectus splintered into numerous colonies that developed separately from one another. None of the colones outside of Africa contributed to the development of Homo sapiens , which also originally evolved in Africa.And second, Homo sapiens began migrating into the same areas starting around 100,000 year ago. Scientists that uphold this theory argue that all modern humans have evolved from African Homo sapiens. |
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Term
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Definition
| The out-of-Africa hypothesis maintains that modern humans evolved relatively recently in Africa and then spread around the world, replacing existing populations of archaic humans |
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Term
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Definition
| separate regional populations of Homo Erectus may have evolved into Homo Sapiens while intermingling with one another. |
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Term
| only ____ ____ can make adaptions |
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Definition
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Term
| the postulation that volume is due to _______ _____ alone |
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Definition
| genetic drift , random chance |
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Term
| hardy-weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
A state of constant gene and genotypic frequencies occuring in a population in the absence of forces that change those frequenciess |
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Term
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Definition
•Describes characterists of a population where frequency of alleles won’t change (nonevolving)
•Use either frequency of three genotypes in a population or frequency of each of the alleles if you have one or the other
• p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1; p + q = 1
• p = proportion of dominant allele; q = frequency of recessive allele
• p2 = homozygous dominant genotype, 2pq = heterozygous, q2 = homozygous recessive |
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