Term
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Definition
| essentialism; eidos, the "form" or "idea," a transcendent ideal form imperfectly imitated by its earthly representations. |
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Definition
| scala naturae, idea that humans are the link b/w animals and angels; God created this order and it must remain unchanged, for change would signify imperfection, and thus God would be imperfect |
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Definition
| Christian belief that God created everything; everything that he created is the same as it is today; |
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| James Hutton and Charles Lyell |
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Definition
| Who created the principle of uniformitarianism? |
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Definition
| the principle that the same processes operating today, operated in the past too. |
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Definition
| 18th century French philosopher and naturalist; had the idea of spontaneous generation |
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| Lamarck's theory of organic progression |
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Definition
| over time, species originate by spontaneous gneration, and each evolves up the scale of organization, establishing a 'chain of being,' that ranges from simple forms of life, to older, more complex forms; DOES NOT BELIEVE IN A SINGLE COMMON ANCESTOR |
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Definition
| economist, wrote an essay that argued human population growth is greater than the rate of increase in food supply, will lead to famine; inspired Darwin's theory of natural selection |
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| Darwin's theory of descent with modification |
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Definition
| lineages (species) descend from common ancestors, undergoing various modifications in the course of time. |
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| Theory of natural selection |
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Definition
| changes in the proportions of different types of indys are caused by diffs in their ability to survive and reproduce - such changes result in the evolution of adaptations |
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Definition
| also came up with the idea of natural selection. |
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Definition
| differences b/w organisms have evolved incrementally, by small steps through intermediate forms |
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Definition
| opposite of gradualism; large differences evolve by leaps without intermediates |
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Definition
| Darwin's thesis; evolution occurs by changes in proportions of individuals w/in a population that have different inherited characteristics |
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Definition
| part of Darwin's theory of natural selection; features that appear "designed" to fit organisms to their environment |
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Definition
| belief that variation should decrease, not increase over generations |
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Definition
| Mendel's theory; inheritance based on particles of inheritance that pass unaltered from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| August Weismann, cut off tails of mice, tails did not change length in subsequent gens |
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Definition
| straight-line evolution; evolution w/o natural selection; evolution towards a fixed goal |
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| mutations give rise to new species; natural selection not needed; Thomas Hunt Morgan |
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Definition
| changes over a long period of time that creates new lineages of organisms |
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Definition
| small changes that occur within species, usually associated with changes in allele frequencies |
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Definition
| informed conjecture or statement of what might be true. 'Facts' are hypoetheses that have been backed by so much support that they are considered fact. |
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Definition
| a mature, coherent body of interconnected statements, based on reasoning and evidence, that explain some aspect of nature. |
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Definition
| 1500s-1600s; saw that the earth was not the center of the universe |
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Term
| inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| a well accepted theory that roughly state: when an organism uses some body part, that body part becomes bigger/better. This modification is passed down to the next generation. Lamarck used the example of a giraffe's neck getting longer. |
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Definition
| Lamarck; individuals are altered during their life, and their progeny are born with these alterations; individual organisms change |
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Term
| typological species concept |
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Definition
| developed by Linnaeus (1735) members in a group must conform to the group if they want to be included; classical |
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Term
| European exploration 16th-19th century reavealed 6 things: |
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Definition
1. there is a huge diversity of life
2. distribution of orgs showed a pattern
3. discovered new geo processes
4. found fossils, noticed pattern
5. comparative anatomy
6. comparative embryology |
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Term
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Definition
| 1966- modern practice of phylogenetics; used shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) to create monophyletic groups (clades) |
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| Pangaea formed by this time |
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Definition
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| This is the year Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland |
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Definition
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| When did the contients reach their modern position? |
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Definition
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| This is the age of the oldest rock |
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Definition
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Definition
| This is a technique that looks at the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine age of fossils and geological events. |
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Definition
| looks at decay of carbon isotopes to figure out age of fossils; only useful for ages 50-70Kyrs. |
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Term
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Definition
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| What are the four types of fossils? |
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Definition
A. compression & impression
B. permineralized (aka petrification)
C. casts & molds
D. unaltered remains (ex: amber, ice, peat bogs) |
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Term
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Definition
| A lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygiian) that had both gills and lungs; most likely evolved due to low oxygen levels in deep water. Ancestor of tetrapods. |
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Term
| What time period did the first amphibians show up? |
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Definition
| the late Devonian (360 Mya) |
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Term
| What did the first tetrapods need to develop before they could live on land? |
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Definition
| They needed pelvic and pectoral girdles to sustain their weight on land. |
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Term
| What was the first tetrapod that had four legs and could live on land? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did Ichthyostega show up? |
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Definition
| 360 Mya (very late Devonian) |
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Term
What was the intermediate form between Pelagic-lobe finned fishes (ex: Osteolepiform) and Ichthyostega and when did it live?
[image] |
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Definition
| Tiktaalik, it had fins that could move it around on land. It lived 375 Mya (Devonian) |
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Term
| When did Archeopteryx live? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two classes of Amniotes? |
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Definition
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Synapsida
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Mammals and mammal-like reptiles
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Have a single temporal fenestra
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Sauropsida
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Anapsida
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Diapsida
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Have two holes behind eye
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Lizards, snakes, bird, crocs, dinos
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Term
| What was the first amniote group to diversify? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the first mammals show up? |
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Definition
| In the early Jurassic (200-160 Mya) |
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Term
How did the skull of early synapsids develop in the skulls of early mammals? |
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Definition
- Teeth = indy
- teeth not constantly replaced
- eye socket fused with space behind it
- jaw joint shifted
- dentary bone enlarged
- 1»3 mid ear bones
- big ass brain case
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Definition
| came up with the idea of a common ancestor in 1766. said that environmental conditions change species |
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Term
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Definition
| said that all organisms are related |
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Term
| What the hell did Dobzhansky do? |
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Definition
| worked with fruit flies; said that the basis of evolution is the changing of allele frequencies and mutations that arise on a molecular level. |
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Term
| What did Sewall Wright and RA Fischer do? |
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Definition
| founders of theoretical population genetics; used math to develop the theory of population genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| worked with speciation; defined that species are groups that can only breed with the same species; a Kraut who lived to age 100 |
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Term
| how many exons does the average human have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many base pairs are in the average human gene? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is alternate splicing? |
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Definition
| It allows for the same gene to code for more than one protein |
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Term
| How many codons are there in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of eukaryotic DNA is functionable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things are needed to construct a phylogenetic tree? |
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Definition
1. cladogenesis -branching (shows relations)
2. anagenesis -time |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways in which phylogenetic trees are/were made? |
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Definition
1. classical
2. phenetics
3.cladistics |
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Term
| What is phenetics and when did it arise? |
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Definition
| Phenetics is a way to classify organisms in phylogenetic tree. It was used in the 50s and 60s; it considers all possible characteristics of an organism when creating these trees. It does so in order to remain objective. |
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Term
| What is another name for a derived character state? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A synapomorphy is a characteristic that is shared derived characteristic that all members have including their last common ancestor. |
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Term
| What is homology and what is an example of it? |
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Definition
| When different species/lineages have similiar characteristics. An example being that iguanas and humans both have five digits on each appendage. |
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Term
| Give an example of convergent evolution. |
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Definition
An example of convergent evolution is:
birds and bats both having wings
cephalapods and vertebrate eyes |
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Term
| What are the two main types of homoplasy? |
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Definition
1. convergent evolution
2. evolutionary reversal |
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Term
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Definition
| When similar characteristics are derived in different lineages. An example being birds and bats both acquiring wings. |
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Term
| What is Batesian mimicry? |
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Definition
| When a species pretends to look like a dangerous species while it is actually harmless. |
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Term
| What is Mullerian mimicry? |
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Definition
| When several species all have the same colors/characteristics that serves as a warning sign for predators. |
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Term
| Who came up with cladistics in the 1960s? |
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Definition
| Hennig came up with cladistics in the 1960s. |
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Term
| What are the two basic ways in which characters are chosen to be analyzed for phylogenetics? |
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Definition
1. morphological traits
2. molecular traits |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of molecular analysis done for choosing characteristics? |
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Definition
1. alloenzymes
2. amino acid sequences
3. DNA-DNA hybridization
4. DNA-RNA sequence |
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Term
| What is done when alloenzymes are looked at in molecular analysis? |
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Definition
| They use electrophoresis to look at the different types of enzymes coded by different alleles. |
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Term
| What do they do when they look at DNA-DNA hybridization? |
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Definition
| They look at the degree to which the DNA strands are the same. |
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Term
| What is a downfall of using DNA-RNA analysis? |
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Definition
| Homoplasy is common because there are only 4 nucleotide bases. |
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Term
| What is the DNA-RNA analysis based on? |
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Definition
| Based on pseudogene, which is a non-functional gene derived from duplication. They also use haplotypes which show differences between DNA sequences. |
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Term
| What do they do with the information they find based on the pseudogene in DNA-RNA analysis? |
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Definition
| They create a gene tree. Which is a phylogeny of the genes. |
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Term
| If there is no selective pressure, then DNA sequences should... |
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Definition
| diverge at a constant rate. Which is the basis of molecular clocks. |
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Term
| What are two ways to calibrate the molecular clock? |
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Definition
1. fossil record
2. geological events |
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Term
| What are the 7 difficulties in creating phylogenetic trees? |
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Definition
1. scoring characters is hard
2. homoplasy is common
3. evolution erases evidence
4. rapid divergence = low speciation
5. gene tree may be wrong
6. hybridization happens
7. horizontal gene transfer (think parisitoid wasps and virus article) |
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Term
| What are the 8 patterns of evolutionary change? |
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Definition
1. most characters are homologous
2. homoplasy is common
3. rates of evolution differ (mosaic)
4. evolution is gradual
5. change form = change f(x)
6. ontogeny - more similar as fetus
7. need changes in development
8. many show adaptive radiation |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of changes that occur in development that influence evolution of morphology? |
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Definition
1. individualization
2. heterochrony: change in time & rate
3. allometry: different growth speeds
4. decrease in complexity is common |
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