Term
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Definition
similar individuals are more likely to mate than expected by chance
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Term
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Definition
| mating among genetic relatives |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenotypic assortative mating |
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Definition
"likes attract"; results in loss of allelic diversity by increasing number of homozygotes
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Term
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Definition
dis-similar individuals are more likely to mate than expected by chance
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Term
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Definition
| avoid mating with genetic relatives |
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Term
| Phenotypic disassortative mating |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
two alleles are identical because both are inherited from a single copy of that allele in a common ancestor; can only happen through inbreeding
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Term
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Definition
the probability that an individual taken at random from a population will have alleles that are identical by descent (High F = High inbreeding; Low F = Low inbreeding)
HW modified with F = p^2(1-F)+pF + 2pq(1-F) + q^2(1-F0)+qF
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Term
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Definition
inbreeding + stress ; reduction in fitness of inbred individuals relative to outbred individuals, generally caused by expression of deleterious recessive alleles in homozygous genotypes. Depends upon: stress, age, degree of inbreeding (self, siblings, cousins), and frequency of deleterious alleles in population (low depression due to previous purging)
(delta) = 1-w(inbred)/w(outbred)
w = fitness
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of deleterious alleles by selection; reduces magnitude of inbreeding depression |
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Term
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Definition
| random changes in allele frequencies within a population caused by chance |
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Term
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Definition
a rapid decrease in the population size caused by things like migration of a subset of the population or die off
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Term
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Definition
| adaptation of an isolated subset of population to its local environment |
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Term
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Definition
combination of inbreeding depression and genetic drift
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Term
| Effective pop sizes (size of breeding population |
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Definition
to prevent inbreeding depression alone = 50:
to maintain genetic diversity against drift= 500;
to maintain genetic variation against drift and selection = 5000 |
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Term
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Definition
= individuals with one phenotypic extreme have highest fitness: changes mean of phenotypic quality, reduces variation in the trait
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Term
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Definition
= individuals with intermediate value of trait have highest fitness; does not change mean; reduces variation in the trait
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Term
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Definition
= individuals at both extremes of trait have highest fitness; does not change mean; increase variation in trait, can cause speciation
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Term
| Response to selection (R) |
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Definition
the change in the trait value from one generation to the next
R = mean trait of the offspring generation - mean trait of the previous generation
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Term
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Definition
| genetic variation + environmental variation |
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Term
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Definition
the fraction of phenotypic variation in a trait that is due to genetic variation
h^2 = genetic variation / phenotypic variation |
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Term
| Selection differential (S) |
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Definition
the difference between the mean trait value of selected (successfully reproducing) individuals and the mean trait value of the entire population
S = mean trait of successful parents - mean trait of entire population |
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Term
| Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection |
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Definition
rate of change in the trait (and average fitness) is proportional to the amount of genetic variation
R=(h^2)(S) |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that evolves by natural selection for a particular function (because it increase fitness) from an ancestor that did not have that trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that already existed in an ancestor and did not originally evolve to serve that function ( an inherited trait that becomes useful in a different way to increase fitness) |
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Term
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Definition
study of the natural variation in a trait within a species and how it relates to fitness
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Term
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Definition
| manipulate the trait within a species to study how variation in the trait relates to fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| study natural variation in a trait across multiple species and how that relates to different selection pressures across species |
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Term
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Definition
| comparing trait between species with a single common ancestor to resolve if the trait variation was from a previous ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| single gene affects multiple traits |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic linkage to a beneficial trait |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual reproduction, meiosis with crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring develop from unfertilized egg |
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Term
| "Cost of males" = "two fold cost of sex" |
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Definition
| having males requires the cost of meiosis and cost of giving up 50% of your alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| passing on 50% less of your alleles to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| the buildup of mutations within offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis supporting the evolution of sex as a means of increase adaptability to changes within the physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis supporting the evolution of sex as a means of increasing adaptability within the biotic environment (parasite/host) |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypic differences between males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| differences in fitness caused by differences in mating success among individuals of the same sex leading to traits that increase mating success |
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Term
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Definition
| selection within the same sex of a species, "male - male" : eg. evolution of traits for combat, sperm competition and infanticide |
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Term
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Definition
| selection with opposite sex of a species, "female choice" : eg. direct benefits (resources and paternal care), good genes, stimulation of female sensory biases, "sexy sons" - runaway sexual selection |
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Term
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Definition
| competition between males that have mated with the same female to determine whose sperm will fertilize eggs, requires internal fertilization of multiple mating females. Accomplished through volume of transmitted sperm, disruption of other male sperms, copulatory plug up female. |
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Term
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Definition
| the killing of other male's offspring to return females to reproductive readiness |
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Term
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Definition
| interactions between 2 or more individuals of the same species, affected by member of same species |
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Term
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Definition
| study of evolutionary basis for social behavior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| both actor and recipient benefit |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contribution of genes to next generation through self reproduction (direct fitness) and relative reproduction (indirect fitness). |
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Term
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Definition
| selection favoring alleles that increase indirect fitness |
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Term
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Definition
an altruistic allele can spread by kin selection if: rb-c > 0
r = relatedness to individuals: b = # extra offspring recipient makes: c = # offspring actor loses |
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Term
| Coefficient of relatedness (r) |
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Definition
| probability individuals share an allele that is identical by descent |
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Term
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Definition
| small # of individuals start a new population, likely different allele freq |
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Term
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Definition
lifetime pattern of energy allocation to growth, maintenance, and reproduction
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Term
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Definition
| those directly associated with growth, maintenance, and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| investment in one aspect of fitness takes away from another |
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Term
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Definition
| late life decline in fertility and probability of survival |
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Term
| evolutionary theory of aging |
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Definition
| failure to repair damage caused by accumulation of deleterious mutations and tradeoffs between repair and reproductions |
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Term
| mutation accumulation hypothesis |
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Definition
| natural selection is weak late in life (after reproduction) so mutation accumulation has little impact on fitness |
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Term
| antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis |
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Definition
| alleles that increase early reproduction also cause early senescence |
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Term
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Definition
| selection should favor clutch size that produces most surviving offspring (intermediate optimum clutch size) |
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