Term
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Definition
Observation and classification of facts
Establishment of verifiable laws and theories.
Understanding general patterns
Does NOT produce absolute facts |
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Term
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Definition
Develop question >
Hypothesis( tentative, testable and falsifiable) >
Test (Retest) >
Change Hypothesis (if needed) |
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Term
Inductive Logic
Deductive Logic |
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Definition
Particulars to general.
General to particulars. |
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Term
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Definition
B:1809, ex-medical/ministry > HMS Beagle to SA > read
Malthus' "Essay on Populations" and Alfred R. Wallace's
"Essay on Variation" > "Origin of Species" 1859 |
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Term
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Definition
Excess offspring produced, most advantageous variations survive.
-Genetic Variation due to environmental variability.
-Natural Selection through predation and combat
-Sexual Selection through male competition and courtship) |
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Term
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Definition
| Long periods of geological stability mixed with violent changes disrupting everything. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Fits with Catastrophism) post-catacylsm lives formed with higher complexity. |
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Definition
| (Hutton, Lyell) Geologic and natural forces work uniformly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species are divine, immutable creations. |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Darwin |
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Definition
-Lyell's Book on Geology
- Evidence of Cosmic evolution
- Fossils
- Malthus' "Essay on Population"
- Artificial agricultural selection
- Lamarck's work |
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Term
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Definition
Transmutable species dependent on environment.
Change of environment > change of needs > change of habits through process driven by "inner feeling" |
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Term
| Modern Theory of Evolution (Vs Darwinian Evolution) |
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Definition
Origin of variation
Mechanisms maintaining variations
Significance of geographic isolation
Nature of Species |
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Term
| Revised Darwinian Theory (Problems with Origin of Species) |
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Definition
Problems with original Origin of Species:
Intermediate forms?
Poor adaptations?
Instincts?
Hybrids |
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Term
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Definition
| "Panglossian Paradigm" - Mocking researchers' tendencies to use Natural selection to explain EVERY trait seen without good evidence. |
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Term
| Endler (Criticisms of Studies into Natural Selection) |
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Definition
Natural Selection difficult to detect
Full fitness not estimated
Only accounts for few traits, unknown functions
Only portions of individual's lifetimes |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary shift modification limited by existing designs. |
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Term
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Definition
Novel genetic change relative to parental genotype (Not from recombination in Meiosis)
Origin of variation within species |
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Term
| Darwin's Blending Inheritance Theory problem |
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Definition
| Genetic variations would be reduced 50% in each generation, as opposed to being maintained. |
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Term
| Law of Segregation (First Mendelian Law) |
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Definition
| Pairs separate from one other to form the genetic constitution of the gamete |
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Term
| Principle of Independent Assortment (Second Mendelian Law) |
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Definition
Genes recombine at random, so progeny have potential of exhibiting all possible combinations.
- Genes assort randomly and independently
- The larger the distance between two genes, the more likely they are to behave like they're on separate chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
- Allopatric Speciation (species diverge genetically due to physical divergence).
- Darwin didn't account of isolation |
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Term
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Definition
- Ability to leave viable progeny relative to others
- Measurable on individual, population, or genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA template to mRNA (using RNA Polymerase on Coding DNA strand) |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA to Polypeptide protein (using Ribosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
Point Mutation > Spontaneous Mispairing
- Slipped mispairing in the MIDDLE codon |
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Term
| Chromosomal Rearrangements |
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Definition
Transposition - individual genes move locations
Translocation - segments move locations
Inversion - orientation of portion of genes reversed (does not effect gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
Point Mutation > DNA Damage
- high energy radiation absorbed, creating free radicals that break phosphodiester bonds in DNA helix |
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Term
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Definition
Point Mutation >DNA Damage
- UV radiation creates pyrimidine dimer that blocks replication, causing gaps which facilitates mutations |
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Term
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Definition
Point Mutation >DNA Damage
- modify DNA bases, alter base-pairing behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
Point Mutation >Spontaneous Mispairing
- base-pairs shift to alternative conformations structures so RNA polymerase picks incorrect pair into mRNA strand |
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Term
| Slipped Mispairing (Deletion) |
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Definition
Point Mutation >Spontaneous Mispairing
- misalignment may cause portion of loop to be deleted |
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Term
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Definition
Underestimates level of genetic variability because it fails to detect 3rd Codon changes
(1,3,2 in rank of significance) |
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Term
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Definition
Increasing fixing (homozygosity), decreases heterozygosity
Independently doesn't change allele frequencies
Measured by comparing actual and expected number of heterozygous individuals
Inbreeding coefficient F=(Ho-H)/Ho |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic Drift -
Type of Intermittent Drift - Shrinking to very small population |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic Drift -
Population remains small for multiple generations |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic Drift -
When few individuals found new population, usually less varied than parent population. |
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Term
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Definition
Alteration of genetic frequencies through sampling error.
As an isolated force, drift can cause evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well substantiated, overarching explanation, based on large amounts of data, presented as a cohesive argument that explains the data |
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Term
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Definition
| Statement of order or relation of phenomena under set of conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeatedly confirmed observations |
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Term
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Definition
| Testable statement that explains why something occurs. |
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Term
| Neutral Theory of Evolution |
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Definition
- Majority of substitutions at molecular level caused by random fixation of neutral mutations
- Intraspecific variability is selectively neutral, and maintained by mutations and extinctions.
- Advatageous mutations but rarely so.
- Doesn't deny natural selection |
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Term
| Kimura on Evolutionary Rates |
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Definition
| Highest rate of Evolution when mutations are neutral. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latent selection potential of neutral variants are realized. |
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Term
| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| Allele/ genotype frequencies will remain constant in the absence of mutation, selection, drift, flow, with random mating, and in a large population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple sets of chromosomes |
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