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| What did the Chinese and Greek believe about the origin of life? |
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Definition
| life was created supernaturally and arranged simple to complex |
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| What did Plato and Aristotle say about life? |
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Definition
| An ideal and perfect world exists (essence) in contrast to the apparently imperfect world. No need for change. |
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| What did the early church believe about life? |
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| God's creation is perfect and unchanging with no species disappearing or changing |
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| What did the Enlightenment bring? |
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Definition
| questioning of Biblical inerrancy |
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| What did George Cuvier do? |
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Definition
| documented extinctions; opposed evolution; opposed flood; supported catastrophism; fossil record seemed to support different species over time (simpler on bottom) |
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| gradualism; slow continual progress that accumulate to a large effect |
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| uniformitarianism; same things happening now affected the past; conclusion: earth must be very old |
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| populations can increase faster than food supply; "survival of the fittest" |
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| acquired characteristics through use or disuse resulting in degeneration or development; passed on to offspring; disproven |
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| naturalist; former clergy; took a voyage as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle (22 years old; 1831); similar but different species in different locations; fossil species similar to modern day species; island forms of species similar but different to mainland ones |
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| Darwin; spent 23 years preparing; 1859; similar theory published by Alfred Wallace in 1858; Darwin receives credit due to thoroughness, not much data |
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| reluctant at first, no hard data; based on variation; accepted more 20 years later |
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| small-scale genetic changes over short, observable time spans; involves small number of changes and no new information enters |
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Definition
| large scale genetic changes over species level; over long time spans; involves new structures and abilities coming about by new information entering the system |
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Term
| The Linnaean Lawn Model of Change |
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Definition
| early church belief; young earth; every species created by God with no macro nor microevolution |
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| Phylogenic Tree Model of Change |
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Definition
| naturalist or evolutionary viewpoint; theistic; God is absent or uninvolved in processes; unlimited macroevolution creating all taxa |
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| Creationist Orchard Model of Change |
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Definition
| young earth; God created all KINDS; each kind diversified into what they are today; allows microevolution |
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| Darwin's assertion that removing one part of a system may impair the entire system from functioning |
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| photolysis by sulfur bacteria to create H and O; photosynthesis to create O by cyanobacteria; made way for Eukaryotic life |
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| continents float on magma; convection currents in the mantle move the plates; |
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| the rising of magma creates continental ridges; forces plates apart; spreading |
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| one plate is pushed under another; volcanism |
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| plates spread apart or rub up against each other; earthquakes |
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| the supercontinent that was formed when the whole world was once linked |
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| supercontinent that consisted of NA and Eurasia |
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| supercontinent consisting of India, SA, Africa, Australia, Antartica |
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| evident through iridium-rare on earth, common in meteorites; there are shock-metamorphosed minerals; craters |
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| climate cycles between glacial and warm periods; glacial periods tie up water as ice lowering sea level and vice versa; affect plant and animal distribution (land bridges) |
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| the large scale elimination of a large number of taxa over a short period of time |
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| fossils found that are seen as evolutionary "missing links"; birds with teeth, etc. |
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| Biological Species Concept (BSC) |
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Definition
| group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that reproductively isolated from other such groups; excludes asexually |
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| makes special boundaries murky; |
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| cannot directly evaluate geologically isolated populations because of gene flow |
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| change of lineage over time; species change over time; not speciation |
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| split of one species into two different species over time; speciation |
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| a physical barrier separates subpopulations subverting gene flow; genetic divergence occurs; some genetic divergence creates reproductive isolation between the new species; most common in animals |
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| reproductive isolation develops between adjacent populations; gene flow not initially interrupted; selective environment differs resulting in genetic divergence; relatively uncommon |
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| reproductive isolation in a continuous population subdividing it; common in plants through polyploidy; different number of chromosomes so young cannot reproduce with parents; reproduce asexually |
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| diversification of a single species into multiple species that each adapt into an ecological niche |
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| found in one location and no where else |
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Term
| Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms |
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Definition
| before fertilization; geographic- physical separation/barrier; temporal- same habitat but breed at different times; behavioral- courtship rituals prevent interbreeding; mechanical- physical incompatibility prevents interbreeding; chemical- sperm/egg interactions |
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| Postzygotic Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms |
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Definition
| hybrid invariability- do not survive to maturity; hybrid sterility- no functional gametes (mules); reduced hybrid fitness- fewer and less successful offspring |
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Definition
| isolated (allopatric) populations begin to diverge genetically; partially diverged populations may reunite |
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| Outcomes of hybridization |
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Definition
| fusion- morph into one species; divergence completed- no hybridization with two species; stable- two species with limited genetic exchange |
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Term
| Environmentally induced variation |
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Definition
| caused by environment the organism is present in; not heritable; allows individual to adapt; |
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Term
| Genetically induced variation |
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Definition
| caused by passing on of heritable traits; eye and hair color; necessary for evolution |
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| a group of individuals from the same species in one geological area |
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| all of the genes in a population |
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Definition
| stability in gene and genotype frequency over time; |
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Definition
| change in gene or genotype frequency over time |
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| Conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| no mutations; no migration; no genetic drift; no assortative mating; no selection |
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