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| 2 particles determine phenotype, passed between generations |
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| parental lines breed true, F1 progeny of crosses between lines only of one phenotype, F2 progeny both types 3:1 ratio |
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| each individual has two particles that pass between generations unchanged, one is dominant over the other |
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| what did mendel not know about? |
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| diploidy in Mendels experiments |
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| offspring do not always exactly resemble parents, character states appear and disappear |
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| the two alleles at a locus separate from each other in the formation of gametes |
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| during sexual reproduction, how progeny are produced |
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| principle of independent assortment |
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| alleles at loci on different chromosomes will assort independently |
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| recombination due to crossing over between homologues |
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| during meiosis, chromosome combinations change and exchange DNA between chromosomes happens too |
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| discrete traits, categorical, typically mendelian |
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| types of qualitative traits |
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| alleles show a dominant-recessive relationship, alleles show an incomplete dominance relationship |
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| what causes variation in qualitative traits? |
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| environmental variation, loci of minor effect |
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| lateral plates are more robust int he ocean parents than in the F1 or F2 generations due to |
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| continuous traits, cannot be categorized |
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| example of quantitative trait |
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| what kind of distribution do quantitative traits usually show? |
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| why would quantitative traits vary from a normal distribution? |
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| cannot measure infinitely finely, small sample sizes in empirical (not genetic) studies |
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| the greater the standard deviation |
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| the greater the spread around the mean |
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| what can cause a continuous distribution of phenotypes? not quantitative traits |
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| a mendelian trait with lots of alleles, a mendelian trait with two alleles/incomplete dominance/a lot of environmental effect |
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| what gets rid of environmental effects on phenotype? |
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| how many loci influence a quantitative trait? |
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| loci that influence quantitative traits and have subtle effects |
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| QTL questions of interest |
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| what genes are responsible for quantitative differences in phenotype? how many loci influence expression? how strong are the effect of each locus on phenotype expression/ does strength vary much? |
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| use marker loci that is linked to functional loci that influence the trait of interest |
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| are not thought to affect phenotype in most cases, tandem repeats, have to have unique sequence on both sides to be useful |
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| microsatellites are __________ in respect to selection |
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| are microsatellites common in the genome? |
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| do microsatellites evolve rapidly? |
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| best case for informative microsatellites |
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| both parents heterozygous with four different alleles total |
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| strong linkage disequilibrium |
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| does not recombine, heterozygous? Ask Justin tomorrow really quick. |
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| interpretation of QTLs is less clear when.... these things contribute to variation in trait expression and more difficult to detect loci that influence phenotypes |
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| individual genes have less effect on phenotype, low dominance of any allele, polygenic modifiers, environmental effects |
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| ancestral type of monkeyflowers |
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Definition
bee pollinated
-do not see red well
-need tubular corolla |
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| how many times have hummingbird pollinated forms of monkey flowers evolved? |
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| great similarity in independently evolved hummer pollinated types |
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| what types of species was used in QTL analysis for monkey flowers? |
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| sister species with both types of pollinators |
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| 66 informative marker loci found in monkey flower genome where the two types had different alleles |
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| when is it shown that there is a QTL with effect? |
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| shift in mean color when marker is linked |
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| F2 individuals with large flowers and little yellow pigment |
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| lots of purple pigment and lots of nectar |
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| used to determine identity of coding (functional) loci, may find the locus because it has similar functions in other organism |
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| EDA locus and lateral plates candidate locus example |
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| Pit-x and pelvic girdle, 48 tandem repeat, repeats 2-8 times. in people, fish and mice |
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| extra dew claw in dogs and mice, snout slip in dogs |
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| can be thought of as the tendency of offspring to resemble their parents because of genetic similarity |
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| measure parent height and calculate average |
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| measure offspring height and take average |
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| intermediate heritability |
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| slope closer to zero than one |
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| slope statistically different from 0 and close to 1 |
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| Vp- the total variation in a trait among individuals in a population or sample |
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| Vg - variation among individuals due to variation in their genes |
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| Ve - variation among individuals due to environmental influences on phenotype |
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| broad sense heritability (Degree of genetic determination of a trait) |
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| fraction of the total variation in a trait that is due to genetic differences among individuals, includes all genetic variation |
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| Vg/Vp = Vg/ (Vg+Ve), values range between 0 and 1, this is broad sense heritability |
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| additive genetic variation, differences among individuals in a population that are due to additive effect of genes |
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| additive effects of genes |
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| contribution an allele makes to the phenotype that is independent of the identity of other alleles at the same or different loci |
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| dominance genetic variation, differences among individuals in a population that are due to the non-additive effects of genes |
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| relationship among adopted parents and offspring is less |
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| component of the genetic variance to which evolutionists usually refer when unspecified |
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| additive genetic variance |
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| estimating heritability from monozygotic twins |
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| more similar than other sibs |
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| Environmental effect increase variation not explained by |
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| additive genetic variation |
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| the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in different environments |
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| plasticity that is beneficial to an organism, and which is maintained or promoted by natural selection |
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| examples of rapidly reversible plastic phenotype |
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| many behavior, some physiological responses |
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| examples of slowly reversible plastic phenotypes |
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| body mass, sea urchin test size |
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| examples of irreversible plastic phenotypes |
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| predator-induced armor, helmets of Daphnia |
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| two patterns of plasticity |
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| continuous variation and polyphenism |
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| continuous variation plasticity example |
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| horn length in Scarab Beetles in relation to body size/ sex |
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| Spadefoot taods, omnivores when there aren't brine shrimp, carnivores when there are brine shrimp |
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