Term
| What's the difference between a comparative and controlled experiment? |
|
Definition
| In a comparative experiment, scientists observe the relationship bewteen two variables in nature. In a controlled expierment, scientists in a laboratory manipulate one variable and measure the response in a response variable. |
|
|
Term
| Comparing traits across an organism and hypothesizing on their common design was pioneered by _a_ and _b_. Attributing this to origin in a common ancenstor was insight of _c_. |
|
Definition
a. Cuvier
b. Geoffroy
c. Darwin |
|
|
Term
| Evolution takes place in two steps, what are they? |
|
Definition
1. Mutations are randomly produced
2. Nonrandom retention of favored genetic mutations (natural selection does not favor produce mutations, it only favors some over others) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid selection occurs in bacteria treated with antioitic. Colonies with genes protecting from antibiotics soon make up the entire population. However, in populations without antiobiotics present, those with resistance genes grow slower than their susceptible counterparts because of the physiological strain. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Obviously, each step in evolution should be advantageous, but it is also possible for a step to be neutrally beneficial (not advantageous or disadvantageous). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptive cells are located on the _a_ of the eye. Here, _b_ are transformed into a _c_ signal. |
|
Definition
a. Retina
b. Photon
c. Neural
|
|
|
Term
What do each of these represent?
[image] |
|
Definition
A. Vitreous gel
B. Iris
C. Cornea
D. Pupil
E. Anterior chamber
F. Lens
G. Retina
H. Fovea
I. Macula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A scomata is a blind spot in the mammalian eye, because of the positioning of the retina. This does not apply to octopus and squid. |
|
|
Term
| Natural selection ___, not engineers. - F. Jacob |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis occurs in _a_ cells. A 2N, _b_ cell, creates two _c_ cells. |
|
Definition
a. somatic
b. diploid
c. diploid |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis occurs in _a_. A 2N, _b_ cell, creates four _c_ cells. |
|
Definition
a. gametes
b. diploid
c. haploid |
|
|
Term
Does ___ occur in mitosis or meiosis?
a. homologous chromosome pairing
b. independent assortment
c. recombination at synapsis
d. crossing over |
|
Definition
| They all occur in meiosis only. |
|
|
Term
| What is a locus? How does this relate to alleles? |
|
Definition
| A locus is the location of a specific gene. An allele is a specific nucleic acid sequence at an allele that makes up one speccific type of gene (ex. a v. A). |
|
|
Term
| Polymorphism can be ___ or ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fitness is defined as ___. |
|
Definition
| survival and reproductive success |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the biometricians and Mendelians? |
|
Definition
The biometricians concentrated on continuously variable traits (like height), while the Mendelianists focused on large scale mutations.
The biometricians anger Mendelianists, because they reject Mendelian Genetics on the basis that descrete units like chromosomes cannot account for the continuous variation seen in humans. |
|
|
Term
| In Darwin's proposed mechanism of inheritance, called _a_, _b_ bud off organs in the body and asssemble at the _c_ where they are transmitted to the offspring. |
|
Definition
a. pangenesis
b. gemmules
c. gametes |
|
|
Term
| What did Mendel's particulate inheritance idea say? |
|
Definition
| Offspring inherited one allele from each parent, except for with sex chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
A population of 100 people has the following distribution of genotypes:
AA - 40 people
Aa - 40 people
aa - 20 people
How many of each allele are there? |
|
Definition
Fourty people having the AA genotype means they have 80 A alleles.
Fourty people have the Aa genotype means they have 40 A alleles and 40 a alleles.
Twenty people have the aa genotype means they have 40 a alleles.
In total there are 120 A alleles and 80 a alleles. |
|
|
Term
| In a population of 100 people, the A allele has a frequency of .8 and the a allele has a frequency of .2. What is the frequency of each genotype? |
|
Definition
AA = p2 = .82 = .64
Aa = 2pq = 2(.8)(.2) = .32
aa = q2 = .04 |
|
|
Term
| The Hardy-Weinberg Principle states that ___. |
|
Definition
| in a freely breeding population, the frequency of each allele remains constant (ex. the whole country will not become brown-eyed). |
|
|
Term
| The Hardy-Weinberg Principle assumes _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_ and _e_. |
|
Definition
a. a large population
b. random mating
c. no mutations
d. no migrations
e. no selection |
|
|
Term
| ___ refers to the number of individuals who succesfully reproduce. |
|
Definition
| Effective population size |
|
|
Term
| True or false? A change in allele frequency in a population over time is a population genetic definition of evoltion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic drift occurs when there is a small effective population size and a majority of one allele over the other occurs. (It is a violation of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle and causes evolution.) |
|
|
Term
| What causes a bottleneck effect? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
| A bottleneck effect is caused by some type of natural or non-natural disaster. It causes one allele to be vastly dominant over the other in a population. |
|
|
Term
| How do some plants avoid interbreeding? |
|
Definition
| Some plant separate their anther and stigma maturity timing and others separate them physically. |
|
|
Term
| A heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual relative to others that lack the trait is called an ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three models of selection are _a_, _b_ and _c_. |
|
Definition
a. stabilizing - "bell curve"
b. directional - the curve peaks at one extreme (ex. tall giraffes outlive small giraffes)
c. disruptive - the two extreme prosper over the neutral phenotye |
|
|
Term
| Selection favoring mating success of an individual/genotype relative to others is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A heterozygous gentotype causing increased fitness is known as a ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A population is defined as ___. |
|
Definition
| A group of individuals which share the same gene pool and have the potential to interbreed |
|
|
Term
| The three types of usuccessful reproduction (reproductive isolation) are _a_, _b_ and _c_. |
|
Definition
a. pre-zygotic - divergence in courtship behavior
b. post-mating - incompatibility of sperm and egg
c. post-zygotic - inviable or slow development, sterile progeny |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| In allopatric speciation, the speciation (divergence of species) occurs in two different areas. In sympatric speciation, the speciation occurs in the same area. |
|
|
Term
| Polyploidy in plants is an example of ___ speciation,. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does adaptive radiation relate to speciation? |
|
Definition
| Adaptive radiation is a consequence of speciation. It is the evolutionary divergence of several species descended from a common ancestory into a variety of different forms. |
|
|
Term
| How do you name a species? |
|
Definition
| Genus species name (notice the italics, capitlized Genus and lower case specific epithet) |
|
|
Term
| ___ describes genotypes on the X and Y chromosomes in males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ___ substitution results in the same amino acid sequence. There are more ___ substitutions than non-syn substitutions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A genome is the full set of coding and non-coding DNA. |
|
|
Term
What is a substitution in DNA? Describe what happens in each of the substitutions:
a. single substitution
b. multiple substitutions
c. coincident substitutions
d. parralel substitutions
e. back substitutions |
|
Definition
A substitution is when an error in transcription occurs and an allele changes from parent to offspring.
a. single substitution - one descendant has their allele changed once
b. multiple substitutions - one descendant has their allele changed multiple times
c. coincident substitutions - two descendants have their alleles changed to different alleles
d. parralel substitutions - two descendants have their alleles changed to the same allele
e. back substitution - a descendant has their allele changed but then changed back to the correct allele |
|
|
Term
| What can protein alignment do for scientists? |
|
Definition
| Protein alignment allows scientists to determine if there is homology in a certain protein between species by aligning the amini acid sequence up together and looking for similiarities. |
|
|
Term
| What is a psuedogene? Do they have a lot of mutations? |
|
Definition
| A pseudogene is a nonfunctional copy of a functional gene (neither helpful or harmful). They have a lot of mutations. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Evolution of Neutral Mutations represent? Who proposed it? What does mu stand for? How can you calculate the change that it will got o 100% in the population? |
|
Definition
The Evolution of Neutral Mutation was proposed by Kimura and states that no matter the population size, neutral mutations are the most common and they are very likely to go to 100% in the population. Mu represents the mutation rate.
Chance that it will go to 100% in the population = 1/2N where N = pop. size |
|
|
Term
| In general, organisms with less genes have ___ non-coding DNA, percentage-wise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paralogs, orthologs and homologs all describe genes in reference to other genes. Describe each description. |
|
Definition
| Two genes are paralogs if they are in the same species. Two genes are orthologs if they are in different species. Two genes are homologs if they derive from a common ancestor. |
|
|
