Term
| what is artificial selection? |
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Definition
| The selective breeding for desired traits |
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Term
| 2 main points of comparative anatomy that supports evolution |
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Definition
- homologous structures
- vestigial structures |
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Term
| what are homologous structures? |
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Definition
| structures that have diff functions but have develop from the same embryonic tissue |
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Term
| what are vestigial structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 3 examples of vestigial structures in humans? |
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Definition
- appendix
- tailbone
- 13th rib |
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Term
| what is the argument for evolution in comparative embryology |
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Definition
| organisms that have a common lineage develop similarly as embryos |
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Term
| what is a characteristic of fossil records that supports evolution? |
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Definition
| in layers of the grand canyon, fossils of more modern organisms were found closer to the surface, while the more ancient ones were found near the bottom |
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Term
| what idea of biogeography supports evolution? |
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Definition
| distribution of living organisms (or fossils of) throughout the world |
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Term
| what is comparative biochemistry? |
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Definition
| similarity of DNA and proteins within similar species |
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Term
| what is a common example of comparative biochem? |
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Definition
| humans and chimpanzees share 99% of the same proteins |
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Term
| what evidence did Darwin discover on the Galapagos islands? |
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Definition
| there were many different variations in the traits of tortoises |
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Term
| what 2 things did lamark believe? |
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Definition
- that an organism could AQUIRE or LOSE a trait due to selective USE or DISUSE of organs
- organisms could alter the size or shape of particular organs by using their bodies in different ways |
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Term
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Definition
| - that organisms changed based on their fitness (ability to survive and reproduce in its environment) |
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Term
| 5 major microevolutionary processes |
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Definition
- mutation
- mating preferences
- genetic drift
- gene flow
- natural selection |
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Term
| are microevolutionary mutations negative mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is one example of mating preferences? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unpredictable changes in allele frequency (usually decreased) due to a chance event. |
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Term
| name the two types of genetic drift |
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Definition
-bottleneck effect
- founder effect |
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Term
| describe the bottleneck effect |
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Definition
| a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing |
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Term
| describe the founder effect |
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Definition
| the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| change in allele frequency (usually increased) as individuals leave or enter a population |
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Term
| describe natural selection |
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Definition
| difference in survival and reproduction among individuals of a population that differ in the details of their heritable traits |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of natural selection |
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Definition
- stabilizing selection
- directional selection
- disruptive selection |
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Term
| describe directional selection |
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Definition
| a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction |
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Term
| describe stabilizing selection |
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Definition
| a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value |
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Term
| describe disruptive selection |
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Definition
| extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values |
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Term
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Definition
| study of interactions between an organisms and its environment |
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Term
| what is community in relation to bioloigy |
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Definition
| population of ALL species occupying a habitat |
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Term
| what are the 3 characteristics of populations? |
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Definition
- size
- dispersion
- density |
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Term
| size of a populations is what? |
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Definition
| the number of individuals |
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Term
| describe population density |
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Definition
| group of individuals (of same species) occupying a given area at a given time |
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Term
| describe population dispersion |
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Definition
| general pattern in which population is dispersed in an area |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of dispersion |
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Definition
- clumped
- uniform
- random
- age structure |
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Term
| one cause for clumped dispersion |
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Definition
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Term
| cause for uniform dispersion |
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Definition
| competition for resources |
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Term
| cause for random dispersion |
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Definition
| condition and resources fairly uniformly distributed |
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Term
| 3 categories of age structure |
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Definition
-pre-reproductive
-reproductive
-post-reproductive |
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Term
| describe exponential growth |
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Definition
| population growth under ideal conditions |
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Term
| describe biotic potential |
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Definition
| fastest growth rate under ideal conditions |
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Term
| do most organisms reach their biotic potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 reason why orgs do not reach their biotic potential |
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Definition
- predators
- weather
- available food
- competition
- any limited resource |
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Term
| describe limiting factors |
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Definition
| any resource in short supply or any behavior that might limit growth |
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Term
| describe density dependent factors |
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Definition
| factors that limit pop size regardless of the pop density |
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Term
| examples of density depended factors |
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Definition
- climate and weather
- human activities such as over hunting,
- pesticides
- pollutants |
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Term
| Density independent factors |
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Definition
| factors that increase in effectiveness as the pop density increases |
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Term
| examples of density independent factors |
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Definition
- predators
- parasites
- competition
- disease |
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Term
| describe carrying capacity |
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Definition
| largest number of individuals of a specific species that the resources of a certain area can support |
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Term
| What 3 things happen when a pop exceeds the carrying capacity? |
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Definition
- experience a pop die-back or a pop crash
- die-back results in a lower carrying capacity
- pop crash results in a drastic decrease in resources |
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Term
| describe type I survivorship curve |
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Definition
- very few offspring
- high degree of parental care required
- produce later in life
- long life of offspring |
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Term
| describe type II survivorship curve |
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Definition
- More offspring
- Some degree of parental care
- Equal chance of dying before reproduction stage |
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Term
| describe type III survivorship curve |
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Definition
- High death rate
- Huge number of offspring
- Most don’t live long enough to reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| full range of physical and biological conditions under which a particular species can live and reproduce (an organism’s “job” within a habitat) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of place where an organism normally lives |
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Term
| describe resource partitioning |
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Definition
| when 2 similar species with similar requirements coexits (typically smaller niches) |
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Term
| 4 types of interactions with other living organisms |
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Definition
- Neutral
- Competition
- Symbiosis
- Predator-prey |
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Term
| describe Intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| between individuals of the same species |
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Term
| describe interspecific competition |
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Definition
| between individuals of different species |
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Term
| between Intraspecific and Interspecific competition, which is more of an intense competition? |
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Definition
| intraspecific, because they are competing for the same resources |
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Term
| describe exploitation competition |
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Definition
| all have equal access to resource but they differ in how fast or how efficiently they use it. |
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Term
| describe interference competition |
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Definition
| certain individuals limit or prevent others from using the resource (control access to it) |
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Term
| describe competitive exclusion |
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Definition
| one species excluded because another may have the “competitive edge” |
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Term
| what are the 4 characteristics of a community? |
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Definition
- diversity
- Number of species that occupy different feeding levels
- Relative abundances
- Dispersion |
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Term
| 4 Factors influencing how many species occur in a community |
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Definition
- climate
- resources
- adaptive traits of species
- interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
- Producers (autotrophs)
- Primary consumers (heterotrophs)
- Secondary consumers, etc.
- Decomposers |
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Term
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Definition
| a close interaction between orgs of diff species over an extended period |
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Term
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Definition
| one benefits, other does not |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe Obligate mutalisms |
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Definition
| both need each other to survive (dependent) |
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Term
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Definition
| one benefits (parasite) other harmed (host) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one animal consumes another |
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Term
| defense mechanisms in plants |
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Definition
- thorns
- sharp edged leaves
- pitter or toxic chemicals in |
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Term
| defense mechanisms in animals |
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Definition
- Noxious chemicals (not poison but annoying)
- Structural adaptations (porcupines)
- Behavioral adaptations (wildebeest – make a ring around the young)
- Reproductive adaptations
- Concealment (camouflage – cryptic coloration)
- Mimicry |
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Term
| describe Mullerian mimicry |
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Definition
| advertising or warning (both the mimic and model are unpalatable or are dangerous) |
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Term
| describe Batesian mimicry |
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Definition
| deceptive (looking harmful, are not) Example – coral snake and harmless mountain king snake |
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Term
| describe Aggressive mimicry |
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Definition
| behavioral mimicry (mimicking something that is NOT dangerous) |
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