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Definition
| The study of geographic distributions of organisms |
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| distributions are studied in light of past events |
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| distributions explained by recent events |
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Definition
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Adaptationto specific conditions (like temperature)
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Range expansion(dispersal across continuous favorable habitat)
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Jump dispersal(dispersal across unfavorable habitat or barriers) |
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Definition
| to specific conditions (like temperature) |
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| dispersal across continuous favorable habitat) |
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| (dispersal across unfavorable habitat or barriers) |
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Definition
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Climate changes can cause change in habitat
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Changes in sea level can connect and disconnect land masses.
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Tectonic events form mountain ranges and move land masses around |
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Definition
| can cause change in habitat |
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Definition
| can connect and disconnect land masses. |
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| form mountain ranges and move land masses around |
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| big mountains can form (Himalayas) |
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| When ocean crust collides with continental crust |
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Definition
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| When plates don’t collide head on |
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| a shear effect can occur, causing earthquakes (San Andreas fault) |
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Definition
| the taxon originated in one place and moved to another either via jump dispersal or range expansion. Areas assumed separate before occupation |
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Definition
| the taxon occupied a contiguous area and barriers arose. Differentiation occurred after barriers were in place |
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Definition
| dispersal events from a center of diversity |
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Definition
| The number of species on an island is determined by the rates of immigration and extinction, which depend on the island size and distance from source |
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Definition
| In deserts of the old and new worlds, unrelated plants have converged on similar morphologies |
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Definition
| Combines geography with phylogeneticsto understand how geographic history explains phylogenetic patterns |
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Definition
| Combines geography with ecology to understand how geography controls community structure |
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| Combines geography with population genetics to understand how geography controls gene flow amongst populations |
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Definition
Changes in the rate or timing of development of a trait
Six basic processes |
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Definition
| Development of a character stops at a later age in descendent than in the ancestor |
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Definition
| Development of a character stops at an earlier age in descendent than in the ancestor |
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Definition
| Development of a character starts at a later age in descendent than in the ancestor |
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Definition
| Development of a character starts at an earlier age in descendent than in the ancestor |
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Definition
| Development of a character at a faster rate in the descendent than the ancestor |
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Definition
| Development of a character at a slower rate in the descendent than the ancestor |
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Definition
| Hypermorphosis vs. Progenesis |
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Definition
| Postdisplacement vs. Predisplacement |
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Definition
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| The adult of the ancestor resembles a juvenile of the descendent |
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Definition
| The adult of the descendent resembles a juvenile of the ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
Found in all animals
A set of genes which control the anterior-posterior body axis (“head-to-tail”) in all metazoans
Basic characteristics
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They occur in clusters –many genes are found consecutively along a chromosome |
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Term
| Hox genes have how many base pair regions? |
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Definition
| 180 which allows the product to control the expression of other genes |
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Term
| Three genes control axes of the limbs |
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Definition
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FGF-2(fibroblast growth factor 2)
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Anterior-posterior axis
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shh(sonic hedgehog)
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Proximal-distal axis
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Wnt7a
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Dorsal-ventral axis |
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Term
| FGF-2(fibroblast growth factor 2) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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wg(wingless) & en(engrailed)
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Control anterior-posterior axis
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Dll(distal-less)
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Controls whether to start limb formation
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HOM(homeotic genes = Hoxgenes)
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Controls the specific type of limb
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Limb development is predicated by the body segment on which it occurs |
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Term
| wg(wingless) & en(engrailed) |
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Definition
| Control anterior-posterior axis |
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Definition
| Controls whether to start limb formation |
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Term
| HOM(homeotic genes = Hoxgenes) |
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Definition
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Controls the specific type of limb
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Limb development is predicated by the body segment on which it occurs |
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Term
| DLLhas been found in all bilateral animals studied |
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Definition
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Arthropod limbs
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Worm parapodia(feet)
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Sea urchin tube-feet
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Tunicate attachment structures |
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Definition
| the joint evolution of two (or more) ecologically interacting species, each of which evolve in response to selection imposed by the other |
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| Various kinds of coevolution |
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Definition
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Specific response
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Diffuse response
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Due to complexity of community
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Radiation
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Due to new opportunities |
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Definition
| an organism that is associated with another in a mutually beneficial relationship |
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Definition
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Definition
| A trait (or traits) that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce compared to individuals without the trait |
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Definition
| A trait (or traits) that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce compared to individuals without the trait |
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Definition
| pre-existing features that are co-opted for a new function |
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Definition
Orchid in Australia (Chiloglottis formicifera) has a structure that looks like a female wasp
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Male wasps try to copulate with the “female” that they see on the flower
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While doing so, they pollinate the orchid |
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| There are different methodologies for testing hypotheses. |
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Definition
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Experiments
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Observational studies
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Comparative method |
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| In an experimental approach |
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Definition
factors are controlled to be able to make conclusions on one or more single variables.
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Example: Tephritid fly Zonosemata |
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Definition
use predictions and observations to evaluate hypotheses at the species level
(giraffes have such long necks) |
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Definition
| The divergence of a clade into populations adapted to many ecological niches |
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| African replacement model |
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Definition
| H. sapiensevolved in Africa and replaced the local forms without hybridizing with them. Racial geographic variation would be recent. |
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Definition
| This model has been rejected. |
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| hybridization and assimilation model |
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Definition
| H. sapiens evolved in Africa and migrated to other regions, hybridizing with native hominids and gradually replacing them. Genes from native populations would persist in modern human populations, perhaps providing some of the phenotypic variation we see. |
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Term
| multiregional evolution model |
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Definition
| H. sapiens evolved in all three regions concurrently, but gene flow maintained the single species. |
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