Term
| What are the important considerations for equine first aid? |
|
Definition
-temperment
-age
-size
-use
-transport
-referral center |
|
|
Term
| What are our initial goals for equine first aid? |
|
Definition
-stabilize the patient
-provide initial wound management if appropriate
-MINIMIZE FURTHER TRAUMA!
-advise the client: cost, transport, prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of equine stabilization? |
|
Definition
-patient assessment
-sedation and analgesia
-anti-inflammatory medications
-antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis
-fluid therapy
-hemorrhage
-prevention of thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of checking for hemorrhage on equine assessment? |
|
Definition
-shock
-estimate blood and fluid loss |
|
|
Term
| Why is a PCV immediately after injury not useful in a horse? |
|
Definition
| -does not change due to extastorage of RBCs in equine liver |
|
|
Term
| What do we assess on our initial equine assessment? |
|
Definition
-hemorrhage
-mentation
-heart rate
-mucous membranes and cRT |
|
|
Term
| What do we assess during an equine assessment of fracture lameness? |
|
Definition
-diagnosis: rads, US, CT, MRI, NS
-location
-open vs closed
-degree of soft tissue damage
-patent vascular supply distal to fracture |
|
|
Term
| Do we use nerve blocks when a horse presents fracture lame? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we look at to determine patency of vascular supply distal to fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is our best friend during an equine assessent? Why? |
|
Definition
-sedation
-allows for mor ethorough exam, safer for everyone |
|
|
Term
| What do we ue for sedation and analgesia in a horse? |
|
Definition
-Alpha 2 agonists: xylazine, detomidine, romifidine (short)
-Phenothiazine tranqs: Ace
-Opioids: Butorphanol |
|
|
Term
| Why do we give anti-inflammatories in equine fracture emergencies? |
|
Definition
-limit risk of thrombus
-maximize perfusion to the leg |
|
|
Term
| What meds do we give as anti-inflammatories for equine fracture cases? |
|
Definition
-NSAIDs: PHenylbutazone, Flunixin megluimine, Ketoprofen, Firocoxib
-DMSO
-Mannitol |
|
|
Term
| Why do we give DMSO to equine emergencies? |
|
Definition
-reduce edema
-scavenge free rads |
|
|
Term
| Why do we give mannitol to equine emergencies? |
|
Definition
| -reduce edema in patients with skull fractures |
|
|
Term
| What broad spectrum antibiotics to we give to equine cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug do we use for regional limb perfusion in equine fracture cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do we give tetanus toxoid or antitoxin in equine emergency cases? |
|
Definition
-every time!
-toxoid if vaccination both if we don't know |
|
|
Term
| What do we use for equine fluid therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum dose for fluids in an adult horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are our concerns with neonate equine emergency cases? |
|
Definition
-limited fluid and energy reserves
-add dextrose if unable to nurse
-can overhydrate neonates |
|
|
Term
| What drug can we give if significant bleeding cannot be controlled? HOw does it work? |
|
Definition
-Aminocarprioc acid
-inhibits fibrinolysis thus stabilizing the clot |
|
|
Term
| In which equine fracture cases is the prevention of thrombus a major concern? |
|
Definition
-fracture types that disable the suspensory apparatus
-fractures with severe soft tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| What do we use to check for thrombosis in equine fracture cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs do we administer to prevent thrombosis in equine fracture cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we do during our initial equine fracture assessment? |
|
Definition
-rads
-wound management
-prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What kind of rads do we doe for equine fracture cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe initial wound care in an equine fracture case. |
|
Definition
-prevent the progression of contamination to infection
-sterile lube in the wound then clip hair
-lavage with surgical antiseptic solutions and steriel saline
-apply sterile dressings with triple antibiotic ointment
-immediate admin of IV broad spectrumm antibiotics for open fractures |
|
|
Term
| What are the principles of equie fracture stabilization? |
|
Definition
-prevent further injury
-assist with wieght beearing
-relieve anxiety |
|
|
Term
| Where do we immobilize the fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Never end a cast or splint in the mid-diaphysis of a long bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Never end a cast or splint near the fracture line to be stabilized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we not want to over pad the fracture? |
|
Definition
| -provides inferior stabilization |
|
|
Term
| In general, outline how to bandage a horse. |
|
Definition
-apply sterile dressing
-then cotton co gauze
-then vet wrap
-tight and even pressure with all layers |
|
|
Term
| What can we use as splint material in a horse? |
|
Definition
-PVC
-wood
-broom handle
-twitch
-metal rod |
|
|
Term
| What are the common locations of cast sore? |
|
Definition
-heel bulbs
-accessory carpal bone
-point of the hock
-medial and lateral malleiolus |
|
|
Term
| What fractures classify as a level 1 forelimb fracture? Which luxations? How do we splint them? |
|
Definition
-Fx: middle phalanx, proximal phalanx, proximal sesamoid bones, distal MCJ
-Luxations: PIP, MCP
-dorsal splint from ground to carpus |
|
|
Term
| What freactures calssify as a level 2 forelimb fracture? How do we splint it? |
|
Definition
-Fx: Mid MC, proximal MC, carpus, disal radius
-caudal and lateral splints both from elbow to ground with Robert Jones bandage |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary goals at a level 1 forelimb injry? |
|
Definition
-align dorsal cortices
-neutralize bending forces |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary goal at a level 2 forelimb injury? |
|
Definition
| -maintain alignment of bony column |
|
|
Term
| What fractures count as a level 3 forelimb fracture? How do we splint them? |
|
Definition
-Fx: mid radius, proximal radius
-caudal splint from ground to elbow and lateral splint from ground to shoulder |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals at a level 3 forelimb injury? |
|
Definition
-maintain alignement of bony column
-immobilize distal limb
-prevent abduction of limb |
|
|
Term
| What fractures count as a level 4 forelimb injury? How do we splint them? |
|
Definition
-Fx: humerus, ulna, scapula
-no stabilizaiton required unless triceps appratus is disrupted |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of level 4 forelimb injury? |
|
Definition
-align bony column
-fix carpus in extension |
|
|
Term
| What fractures qualify as livel 1 hindlimb? Luxations? |
|
Definition
-Fx: middle phalanx, proximal phalanx, proximal sesamoid bones, distal MT3
-Luxations: PIP, MCP |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of handling a level 1 hindlim injury? HOw do we spling it? |
|
Definition
-Goals: align dorsal cortices, neutralize bending forces
-Caudal splint from ground to tarsus |
|
|
Term
| What fractures count as level 2 hindlimb injuries? HOw do we splint them? |
|
Definition
-Fx: Mid MT, proximal MT
-caudal splint from ground to calcaneous, lateral splint from ground to stifle |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals when handling a level 2 hindlimb injury? |
|
Definition
-align bonycolumn
-immobilize distal limb |
|
|
Term
| What fractures count as a level 3 hindlimb fracture? How do we splint them? |
|
Definition
-Fx: tarsus, tibia
-Wide lateral splint from ground to widest part of hip |
|
|
Term
| What are the oals when handling a level 3 hindlimb injury? |
|
Definition
-maintain alignment of bony column
-immobilize distal limb
-prevent abduction of limb |
|
|
Term
| What fractures count as level 4 hindlimb injuries? How do we splint them? |
|
Definition
-Fx: femur, pelvis
-do not splint them |
|
|
Term
| What do we do in the case of equine head trauma? |
|
Definition
-stabilize the patient
-evaluate for fractures
-endoscopy
-examine for neuro deficits
-anti-inflammatories: DMSO, NSAIDs, Steroids |
|
|
Term
| What are our major concerns for transportation during equine emergency cases? |
|
Definition
-minimize distance to the trailer
-ramps
-forelimb injury = load backwards
-hind limb injury = load forwards
-head and neck for balance |
|
|
