Term
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Definition
| calcaneus, navicular, cuneiforms (1-3), cuboid |
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Term
| Joints that make up the ankle |
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Definition
| talocrural (pronation/supination), subtalar, distal tibfib joint |
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Term
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Definition
| medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse |
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Term
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Definition
| deltoid ligament (medial collateral) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior talofibular, calcaneal fibular, posterior talofibular |
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Term
| Four compartments on the lower leg |
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Definition
| lateral, anterior, posterior, deep posterior |
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Term
| Anterior compartment muscles |
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Definition
anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum, extensor hallicus
*activated by dorsi flexion |
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Term
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Definition
tibialis posterior, flexor hallicus, flexor digitorum,
*posterior to tibia and deep to gastroc and soleus, run on medial side of ankle |
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Term
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Definition
gastroc, soleus, plantaris
*plantar flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| peroneals- Longus & brevis |
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Term
| 3 reasons why lateral ankle sprains are more prevalent |
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Definition
1) fibula runs more distal
2) ligaments are stronger medially
3) lack of muscle structure (only tendons) |
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Term
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Definition
| calcaneal and retrocalcaneal |
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Term
| What ligament would have to be torn to be considered a grade 1 ankle sprain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ligament would have to be torn to be considered a grade 3 ankle sprain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| space between talus and tibfib |
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Term
| Where does the peroneus longus insert |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the peroneus brevis insert |
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Definition
| styloid process of the 5th |
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Term
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Definition
caused by heredity, trauma, too small of shoes, or cutting of the nails too short
symptoms: redness, swelling, ternderness, pain, possible infection
management: V cut in toenail, cotton ball w benedine inbetween nail and fold, epsom salt soaks, antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
MOI: improper fitting shoes, poor biomechanics, underlying bony or soft tissue dysfunction
symptoms: redness, bubble like under the skin w clear fluid build up, sensitive to touch
management: IF POPPED- clean, place skin over open would if salvageable, bandaid, donut pad. IF PAINFUL- cut halfway around periphery, fluid will come out, pack inside with bacitracin, cover skin back on top, bandaid, donut pad |
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Term
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Definition
a.k.a plantar warts, found on bottom of foot, grow inwards instead of out, very contagious from public bathroom floors, showers, pools
symptoms: point tender, sensation of stepping on a pebble, dark core within a depression in the foot
management: OTC medication containing salicylic or lactic acide, may need to be removed by podiatrist if severe or widespread |
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Term
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Definition
overdeveloped skin in an area as a form of protection
MOI: long term pressures potentially from improperly fitted shoes
symptoms: can be painful, bump of hard skill due to weight bearing
management: can be shaven down if painful |
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Term
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Definition
nodule or overdevelopment on the foot near or on bony prominences
HARD CORNS: located in areas that receive excessive pressure (ie on toes and PIP joints), appear hard granular nodules with hard central core
SOFT CORNS: form between toes (usually 4th and 5th) staying moist due to the dampness and darkness inbetween toes, predisposed to infection
management: refer to podiatrist, keep calluses and corns reduced, use of padding to prevent pressure, possible surgical correction |
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Term
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Definition
hyperEXTENSION of the MTP joint and flexion of the PIP and DIP due to too small or tight of shoes
symptoms: blistering, swelling, pain, calluses on top or bottom of toes, occasional infection
management: wear larger footwear, padding, orthodics, possible surgery |
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Term
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Definition
fracture of the 5th metarasal 1cm distal to the proximal diaphysis that can be from direct trauma or overuse and may cause false joint
symptoms: pain, crepitus and swelling (can do long bone compression test)
management: immediate immobilization and become non-weight bearing. take very long time to heal |
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Term
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Definition
injury to the bone in a place where the tendon or ligament attatches. base of 5th metatarsal is prone to avulsion fractures. peroneal brevis can be avulsed from styloid process of 5th
symptoms: pain, crepitus, and swelling
management: RICE, soft cast and approx 4 weeks recovery |
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Term
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Definition
"broken toe" due to direct longitudinal force (ie kicking an immovable object)
symptoms: toe pain, swelling ,bruising, deformity
management: RICE, splint, crutches |
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Term
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Definition
"broken foot" break to the long bones in foot usually caused by direct trauma. prevalent in soccer players
symptoms: severe pain, unable to walk, swelling ,bruising, pain during palpation
management: RICE, xray, non weightbearing |
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Term
| Sesamoid metatarsal stress fracture |
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Definition
chronic injury to the sesmoid bones which sereve as weight bearing surface for 1st metatarsal and provides leverage to "push off", that results from constant pressure, force, and stress on area.
symptoms: pain, deformity, crepitus, bruising, increased pain on weightbearing
management: RICE, xrays, non weightbearing |
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Term
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Definition
aka great toe hyperextension due to acute trauma or repetitive overuse that results in sprain of metatarsophalangeal joint
symptoms: pain, swelling, pain is worse when trying to "push off" the foot in walking, running, etc.
management: turf shoes with steel in forefoot, orthopedics, taping, PRICEM, limited activity |
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Term
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Definition
forced flexion of great toe, occurs when big toe is forcibly rolled under food, causes injury to dorsal capsule
symptoms: pain, swelling, toe presents in hyperflexion
management: tape in hyperextended position, pricem, limited activity |
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Term
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Definition
occurs at head of first metatarsal. joint becomes enlarged due to improper fitting shoes or genetics and causes great toe to move laterally and become malaligned.
symptoms: tenderness, swelling, elargment of joint, irritation, pain
management: correct fitting shoes, orthotics, donut pad over first metatarsalphalangeal joint, surgical procedures |
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Term
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Definition
strain found commonly in medial head of gastroc because it crosses two joints (knee and ankle) and has high density type two fast twitch muscle fibers
Symptoms:GRADE 1-twinge of pain,may be able to play, tightness and aching 2-5 days after, GRADE2- sharp pain esp when walking, pos swelling, mild bruising, pain on resisted plantarflexion, aching for a week or more, GRADE3- rupture, severe immediate pain,inability to contract muscle, considerable bruising, muscle bunched up towards top of calf
management: PRICEM, NSAIDS, PT, surgery if severe |
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Term
| Posterior tibialis strain |
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Definition
found in deep posterior compartment of lower leg that aids with inversion and plantar flexion
symptoms: pain at posterior tibialis, limited motion, muscle spasms/weakness
management: PRICEM, NSAIDS, PT, surgery if severe |
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Term
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Definition
located in anterior compartment of lower leg and brings foot/toes into dorsiflexion and inversion
symptoms: pain on anterior tib, limited motion, muscle spasms/weakness
management: PRICEM, NSAIDS, PT, surgery if severe |
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Term
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Definition
located in anterior compartment of lower leg and brings foot/toes into dorsiflexion and inversion
symptoms: pain on anterior tib, limited motion, muscle spasms/weakness
management: PRICEM, NSAIDS, PT, surgery if severe |
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Term
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Definition
longus & brevis located on outside and under the foot/ankle that bring foot into eversion and dorsiflexion. often injured when foot is rolled inwards w/ force on outside of ankle. can lead to peroneal tendonitis over time
symptoms: pain/swelling on outer ankle, limited motion, muscle spasms/weakness
management: PRICEM, NSAIDS, PT, heals approx 2-6 weeks, surgery if severe |
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Term
| posterior tibialis tendonitis |
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Definition
overuse injury caused by not stretching or over exercise
symptoms: pain/edema near arch and medial distal end of tibia, flattening of foot, pain/fatigue in foot after minimal activity
management: PRICEM, PT to strengthen muscles, change exercise techniques, orthotics
could mimic plantar fascitis- differences would be where the pain/tenderness is, when does it hurt (fascitis usually morning) |
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Term
| Anterior tibialis tendonitis |
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Definition
overuse injury caused by not stretching or over exercise
symptoms: pain on dorsi flexion and dorsal surface of foot, crepitus on palpation
management: PRICEM, put padding in shoe to give pressure and relieve pain if it agravates tendon, rehab tendon after swelling/pain subside |
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Term
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Definition
overuse injury caused by repetitive use or damage of the tissue. People with pes cavus prone to peroneal injuries because it causes supination and stresses peroneals
symptoms: pain on lateral side of foot, swelling, warm to the touch
management: heat/ultrasound will reduce pain and inflammation, PT |
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Term
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Definition
overuse of the achillies, leads to tissue irritation and inflammation
symptoms: pain 2-3 centimeters above calcaneous where achillies attatches, swelling
management: PRICEM, reduce pain/swelling, taping, heel pad (raises heel so achillies doesnt stretch as much), rehab tendon |
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Term
| Acute compartment syndrome |
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Definition
condition in which increased pressure within one of the four compartments of lower leg causes compression of muscular and neurovascular bundles which occurs secondary to direct trauma. considered a medical emergency due to possible compression of arterial and nerve supply
symptoms:deep aching pain, tightness, swelling, pain with passive stretching, reduced circulation/ sensory changes in foot
management: immediate first aid, RICE, do not use compression wraps because there is already increased pressure, may need fasciotomy |
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Term
| Acute compartment syndrome |
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Definition
condition in which increased pressure within one of the four compartments of lower leg causes compression of muscular and neurovascular bundles which occurs secondary to direct trauma. considered a medical emergency due to possible compression of arterial and nerve supply
symptoms:deep aching pain, tightness, swelling, pain with passive stretching, reduced circulation/ sensory changes in foot
management: immediate first aid, RICE, do not use compression wraps because there is already increased pressure
diagnosis based on differential pressure between diastolic blood pressure and intracompartmental pressure, difference of 30 mmHg may require fasciotomy |
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Term
| Exertional compartment syndrome |
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Definition
occurs without any precipitating trauma and can evolve with minimal to moderate activity. related to increased thickness of fascia and inhibits venous outflow but not arterial inflow
symptoms: deep aching pain, tightness, swelling, pain with passive stretching, reduced circulation/sensory changes in foot.
management: do not use compression wraps for there is already a compression issue, REST
diagnosis based on differential pressure between diastolic blood pressure and intracompartmental pressure, difference of 30 mmHg may require fasciotomy |
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Term
| Medial tibial stress syndrome |
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Definition
shin splints, periostitis at the posterior medial border of tibia due to repetitive microtrauma. common in runners. usually secondary to bad foot wear, pes cavus/plantus,activity on different surfaces, structural imbalances, inversion/eversion of foot,muscular imbalances, etc.
symptoms: achind, point tenderness, gradual onset. FOUR GRADES OF PAIN:1-pain occuring after activity, 2- pain occuring before and after activity but doesnt effect performance 3-occuring before, during, and after activity affecting performance 4-so severe activity isnt possible (stress fracture)
management: refferal to rule out fracture, activity modification, arch/compression taping |
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Term
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Definition
caused by significant force to tibia
symptoms: possible snap or crack, pain radiating up leg, swelling, gross deformity possible, unable to bearweight
management:stabilize, EMS for compound fracture (then treat pos shock), xrays, may be casted/aligned/set |
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Term
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Definition
due to eversion, inversion, or rotational force, usually gross deformity
symptoms: possible snap or crack, pain radiating up leg, swelling, gross deformity possible, unable to bearweight
management:stabilize, EMS for compound fracture (then treat pos shock), xrays, may be casted/aligned/set |
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Term
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Definition
caused by fall from high height, motor accidents, snowboarding, etc. may appear as ankle sprain
symptoms: possible snap or crack, pain radiating up leg, swelling, gross deformity possible, unable to bearweight
management:stabilize, EMS for compound fracture (then treat pos shock), CT scan or MRI, may be casted/aligned/set |
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Term
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Definition
due to overuse. Common predisposing factors: narrow tibial shaft, high degree of hip external rotation, osteoporosis, pes cavus
symptoms: gradual onset, pain along shaft of bone, pain increases with activity, crepitus, point tenderness, possible decreased muscule strength or cramping w/ activity
management: bone scans/xrays/tuning fork, rest, NSAIDS |
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Term
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Definition
due to overuse. Common predisposing factors: narrow tibial shaft, high degree of hip external rotation, osteoporosis, pes cavus
symptoms: gradual onset, pain along shaft of bone proximal to lateral malleolus, pain increases with activity, crepitus, point tenderness, possible decreased muscule strength or cramping w/ activity
management: bone scans/xrays/tuning fork, rest, NSAIDS |
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Term
| Epiphyseal plate fractures of tibia |
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Definition
involve fracture line crossing bone's unsealed epiphyseal line and can disrupt bones normal growth, usually in children and adolescents. Types 1-5 based on salter harris epiphyseal fracture classification
symptoms: pain over end of bone, swelling, deformity
management: radiography, casting, reduction |
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Term
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Definition
formation of bony fibrous or catilaginous union between two or more tarsals causing limited motion. can often follow later ankle sprains and common in teenagers as bone ossifies. often affects pronation/supination and inversion/eversion
symptoms: appears like a flat foot (is it functional or congenital), pain with palpation over joint, calcaneal valgus abduction of forefoot that is unchanged in weightbearing position
management: arch supports since we cannot fix arch, immobilization if caught early, surgery to release coalition before secondary degenerative changes occur. may need fusion because it can effect muscles, tendons, and surrounding structures |
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Term
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Definition
blood supply to 2nd metatarsal head is limited due to trauma causing avascularity (ie stubbing toe)
symptoms: many people are asymptomatic, abnormal bone growth, dull foot pain, swelling, discoloration over toe joint
management:treatment to reduce stress on metatarsal, padding can help balance stress, surgical intervention |
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Term
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Definition
midtarsal sprains, fractures or dislocation in the midfoot from axial load placed on foot while toes are extended
symptoms: can be subtle or obvious, severe pain, palpable/visible deformity, rapid swelling
management:conservative treatment, prolonged nonweightbearing, lots of rest, NSAIDS, RICE |
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Term
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Definition
caused by excessive rotation combines with inversion or eversion and will cause major damage to capsule and asoc. ligaments. Poss audible snap
symptoms:immediate pain, loss of function, poss gross deformity
management: immediately immobilize in position found, monitor pedal pulse, control bleeding, immediate referral, may need to treat shock |
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Term
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Definition
caused by excessive overloading of tendons in extreme platarflexion or dorsiflexion
symptoms: will look like an ankle sprain and will have to go by point tenderness and if treatment works to whether its a sprain or avulsion fracture
management: PRICEM, possible splinting, refer to orthopedist, possible xrays, non weightbearing |
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Term
| Osteochondral fracture of the talus |
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Definition
severe ankle sprains can impinge the dome of the talus against the malleoli leading to a fracture of the cartaliginous cover
symptoms: deep aching pain, aggrivated by activity, swelling, instability and stiffness, crepitus if displaced
mangement: PRICEM, limit weight bearing, NSAIDS
Hard to palpate, MOI created ligamentous problems aswell, can lead to osteochondritis dissecans |
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Term
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Definition
| most common type of ankle sprain caused by excessive plantar flexion and inversion or just excessive inversion.(i.e. rolling ankle, walking and hit a rock) Involves ATFL, CFL, PTFL, TFL. LEAST stable in plantar flexion and ATFL laught in supination |
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Term
| Grade 1 lateral ankle sprain |
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Definition
caused from forceful inversion. Common in basketball and from running on uneven surfaces
symptoms:mild pain, antalgic gait (limp), weight bearing mimimally impaired, swelling over ligament
management: RICE, limit weight bearing, control swelling (acewrap, openbasket weave, aircast, horsehoe pad) rehab |
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Term
| Grade 2 lateral ankle sprains |
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Definition
very common caused by moderate force while inverting and plantar flexing.
symptoms: pop or snap, moderate pain, antalgic gait, difficulty weight bearing, tenderness, swelling,ecchymosis
management: RICE 72hours, xrays, crutches 5-10 days, brace 1-2 weeks, ROM exercises, protective tapings |
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Term
| Grade 3 lateral ankle sprain |
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Definition
uncommon but disabiling causing ankle to subluxate then spontaneously reduce caused by significant inversion force with plantar flexion
symptoms: severe pain at mallelous, weight bearing not possible, discoloration
management: RICE 3days, dorsiflexion cast or weightbearing brace 3-6 weeks, tape 3-6 weeks, crutches, exercises, pos surgery
Time management of treatments depend on swelling and progess of healing |
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Term
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Definition
5-10% of ankle sprains, very uncommon due to bony and ligamentous anatomy. caused by external roation of talus in the ankle mortise effecting deltoid lig.
symptoms:pain, unable to bearweight, inversion/eversion will cause pain, localized swelling in join capsule (efusion)
management: xrays, RICE, non weight bearing, NSAIDS, analgesics |
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Term
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Definition
High ankle sprain, injury to the tibiofibular syndesmosis due to excessive external roation of the talus or forced dorsiflexion. lateral displacement causes ant. or pos. tibiofibular ligaments to sprain. Seen often in sports with a lot of cutting
symptoms:severe pain w external rot or dorsiflexion, pain on palpation,swelling over distal tibfib syndesmosis
management: hard to brace, takes months to heal, same as lateral/medial management but takes longer, possible surgery |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of bursa on the posterior calcaneus due to overuse and pressure/rubbing of heel on back of shoe
symptoms: swelling along heel, tenderness, pain during palpation of bursa
management: NSAIDs, Rest |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of bursa in between Achilles tendon and calcaneus due to overuse and pressure/rubbing of heel on back of shoe
symptoms: pain during palpation, swelling, exostoses (benign bony outgrowth that portudes off bone) on post. port of calcaneus due to ongoing retrocalceanal bursa, called "pump bump"
management: RICE, NSAIDs, ultrasound, heel lift, doughtnut pad |
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Term
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Definition
Apophysitis of calcaneus that occurs in children/adolesents (like Osgood Shlatters)due to overuse. Traction injury at apophysis of calcaneus at attatchment of Achillies
symptoms: pain at post. heel below achillies attatchment during vigorous activity and stops at rest
management: PRICEM, NSAIDs, stretch achillies, heel lift |
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Term
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Definition
blood clot that develops in the large veins of leg due to slow blood flow in deep vein, inflammation of inner lining of vein, and if blood is too thick. Can cause pulmonary embolism
symptoms: possible pain in lower leg, swelling, tenderness, discoloration, symp may appear suddenly or over time
management: compression sleeve, elevation, anticoagulants. would use homanns sign to diagnose
some severe cases=thrombolysis and thrombectomy |
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Term
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Definition
bruised heel due to sudden impact or repetitive pounding
symptoms: pain, swelling, ecchymosis
management: ice, heat after inflammation disappears, heel pad, orthotics |
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Term
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Definition
aggravation of the plantar fascia or junction between fascia and first layer of intrinsic muscles due to traumatic episode, repeated stress, heel spur, nerve entraptment, pes plantus/cavus, increase risk with age due to tightening of body
symptoms: pain around origin of fascia on medial calcaneal tubercle, pain mostly in the AM, weakened dorsiflexion and full toe extension
management: MRI, ultrasound, dorsiflexion night splints to keep all muscles stretched, NSAIDS, orthotics,stretching of fascia |
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Term
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Definition
hook shaped bony outgrowth on the medical calcaneal tubercle caused from ignoring pain and chronic inflammation putting stress on the fascia and non managed plantar fasciitis
symptoms: gradual onset and pain during heal strike while walking, swelling, bony deformity
management: stretching and changing footwear, orthotics, NSAIDs, possible surgery |
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Term
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Definition
non descript pain arising from the metatarsals
symptoms: sharp, aching or burning in the balls of your feet and toes, numbness/tingling, pain worse with activity
management: good fitting shoes, orthotics, NSAIDs |
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Term
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Definition
nerve entraptment between the third and fourth metatarsals due to prolonged pressure and results in degenerative neuropathy, fibrous formations, and edema around nerve
symptoms: pain in anterior transverse arch radiating to toes and along plantar aspect of foot, numbness in toes, may be a nodule between toes
management: modify footwear, orthotics, NSAIDS, corticosteriod injections, surgery to remove neuroma |
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Term
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Definition
entrapment of post tibial nerves or one of its branches due to trauma, hyperplantarflexion, eversaion, or overuse
symptoms: diffuse pain/burning/paresthesia/numbness along plantar and medial aspect of foot, cold intolerance, use tinel signs and dorsiflexion/eversion test
management: orthotics or motion control shoes to limit amount and speed of pronation, surgery |
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Term
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Definition
entrapment of sural nerve
symptoms: chronic pain in post aspect of leg that radiates to foot, point tender post and latto the myotendonous junction of achillies, pain worses with activity
management: myofascial release, surgery |
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Term
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Definition
Athletes foot, most common form of superficial fungal infection
symptoms: itchy dry scaly red inflammed skin on soles of feet and between web spaces of toes, possible red papules, blistering, possible yeast infection if skin is macerated (too moist)
management: topical antifungal, keep feet dry, powder, wear clean socks, disinfect shower/dressing area, wear shower shoes |
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Term
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Definition
bruise to the periosteum of the tibia, common due to the lack of muscle anterior to tibia. Periosteum holds nerves, blood vessels, and bone forming osteroblasts
symptoms: intense pain, hematoma forms and has jelly like consistency, associated w compartment syndrome/potential tibia fracture
management: PRICEM, NSAIDs, possible aspiration of hematoma, doughnut pad under orthoplast for protection, mismanagement can lead to deterioration of bone |
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Term
| Peroneal Subluxation/disorder |
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Definition
occurs most in sports with turning and sharp cutting or direct blow to post lateral malleolus. Inversion or dorsiflexion can tear peroneal tendon out of groove
symptoms: tendons snap in/out of place during running/jumping, recurrent pain, snapping, ankle instability, ecchymosis, edema, tenderness, and crepitus on lateral aspect
management: compression w horseshoe pad on lat malleolus, PRICEM, NSAIDs, poss surgery
could look like lat ankle or syndesmotic sprain, rule out w testing peroneals, palpation, MMT, snapping, MOI |
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