Term
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Definition
| Search for generalizations that make it possible to compare political systems. (ex. types of legislative bodies, electoral systems, social systems) |
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Term
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Definition
| Search for "fit" of coherence of all particular elements of a political system. (ex. the way in which its legislative, elections, and social systems work together) |
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Term
| Europe's maritime environment |
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Definition
| "peninsula or peninsulas" -- water has been the natural environment and means of contact for most of Europe |
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Term
| Europe's major land regions |
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Definition
Great European Plain
Western Uplands
Central Highlands
Alpine mountains (Atlantic to Caspian)
Mediterranean Highlands |
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Term
| Characteristics of European Economy |
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Definition
1. Large share of world's industrial production with large/ skilled workforce.
2. World's largest trading region (trade dependence = vulnerability)
3. Agriculture of declining importance but w/strong historical and political weight
4. Rail and water transport most developed in world
5. Emergence of a "tertiary (service) economy" in West
6. Primary and Secondary economies in East |
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Term
| Physical cultural Density |
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Definition
Large # of major ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural communities co-exist. Live in a continent dense with important differences.
"A tribal landscape?" |
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Term
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Definition
Development of European communities has evolved over several thousand years
Modern memories stretch back centuries
Europeans, compared w/americans, live in greater density of time.
Significant experience and memories = "thick on the ground" |
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Term
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Definition
The Low Countries
SW Britain
NW France
NW Germany
*All econ. factors are most concentrater: labor, agricultural and industrial production, tech., and capital |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller version of Core region |
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Term
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Definition
| Both are smaller concentrations similar to Po Valley |
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Term
| Bavaria and Alpine Region |
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Definition
| South of Germany, plus Switzerland and Austria = specialized and capital intensive in ways that echo Core region but on smaller scale |
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Term
| The Great Divisions of Religious communities |
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Definition
Roman Catholic
Protestant
Anti-clerical
Muslim |
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Term
| Great division of linguistic communities |
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Definition
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Term
| Layered Social Structures |
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Definition
Feudal
Industrial
Post-Industrial |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed (hereditary), vertical structure based on land tenure (Owner/tenant/serf) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid (competitive merit), vertical structure based on wealth derived from ownership, commerce, and services, wages |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid, horizontal structure based on control of info
Sectors rather than levels |
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Term
| Signifigance of national political communities of Europe |
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Definition
nations as clusters of values or "ways of living"
nations as basis of personal identity
nations as guarantors of personal and group security |
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Term
| Modern miracle of European integration |
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Definition
hard and difficult bargaining to build new political community
nations join to improve their situation
immediate costs and long-term gains: difficult combo |
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Term
| Explanation of EC (now EU) |
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Definition
-ancient ideal of united Europe: recurrent political strategy
-unprecedented devastation of 20th century conflict: WWI, WWII
-shock, misery, insecurity of great depression
-enduring problem of Germany
rise of superpowers and challenge to European independence |
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Term
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Definition
"Unite of Perish", push toward European political federation
-resistance movements and postwar idealism
-economic and political disintegration of most European nations (on European continent)
-Marshall Plan and OEEC (1948- )
-Congress of Europe (1948) and Council of Europe(1949)
-disappointment of federalist hopes: british and scandinavian resistance, return of USA to Europe(NATO 1949) |
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Term
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Definition
From federalism to Functionalism
-popularity of functional integration
-initiative of Jean Monnet and Robert Shuman
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 1951
-all economic means to a political end: logic of coal and steel, basic instructions of political Europe, dissapointment of European defence community (1954) and relaunch of drive for ec. integration
-Messina Conference (1955)
-Spaak Comission and plans for new phase of ec. integration
-Britain withdraws to form rival EFTA |
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Term
| EC (European Comm.) was formed to... |
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Definition
| make themselves more secure and more prosperous, so bargaining in EC can never be of the zero-sum type (win-win politics) |
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Term
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Definition
From treaty of Rome to treaty of Maastricht
-Treaty of Rome=Europeann ec. community, European atomic energy community (EURATOM)
-Customs union and ec. growth (common external tariff)
-Revival of nationalism: Conflict with France's Charles de Gaulle (Veto of Britain's application, National veto continues in EC)
-Threshold of EC Growth in 1970s: (First enlargement from 6 to 9, monetary cooperation (EMS in 1979), Landmark court decisions), Lome Conventions with Third World (1975, now:Cotanoe),Direct election of Parliament 1979, Foreign policiy cooperation begun EPC,Regional Development Fund
-Concerns over Cold War and US leadership of Atlantic Alliance
-COncerns of tech. gap and ec. competition
-Single European Act 1985 and 1992 Project
-Eurp-optimism and the end of cold war
-Jacques Delors pushes for new treaty (2 intergovernmental conferences or "constitional conventions"; Treaty of European Union (Maastricht Treaty 1992), (eURopean union created, common currency EMS, foreign policy, defense, and law enforcement brought into EU - CFSP/ESDP) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1997, new conference revised and extended the Treaty of European Union |
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Term
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Definition
| created in 1999 followed by circulation of new physical currency in 2002 |
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Term
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Definition
| 2004, added 10 new members to EU from former Soviet Bloc. (2 more added in 2007) |
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Term
| First enlargement of the European Union |
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Definition
1973
United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark |
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Term
| Second enlargement of the European Union |
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Definition
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Term
| Third enlargement of the European Union |
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Definition
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Term
| Fourth enlargement of the European Union |
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Definition
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Term
| Fifth enlargement of the European Union |
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Definition
1995
Sweden, Finland, Austria |
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Term
| Sixth enlargement of the European Union |
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Definition
(2004)
Poland
Czech Republic
Hungary
Slovakia
Slovenia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Cyprus
Malta |
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Term
| Seventh enlargement of the European Union |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Croatia, Turkey, Macedonia |
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Term
| Prospective/likely member states |
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Definition
| Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, Albania |
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Term
| Long-term but possible member states |
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Definition
| Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia |
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Term
| European Commission (The Comission) |
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Definition
-policy initiation
-exec functions
-communication/mediation/concillation
-oversight/investigation
-guardian of treaties
-external respresentation |
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Term
| Council of Ministers (The Council) |
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Definition
-legislative functions
-"upper house role" (ministers repping and negotiating policy on behalf of member states)
-authorizes/coordinates foreign policy of EU (high representative for Foreigna nd Security Policy mainly responsible to Council |
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Term
| European Parliament (the Parliament) |
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Definition
-legislative functions
-"lower house role" (representing and negotiating policy on behalf of constituencies and civil interests) |
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Term
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Definition
-sets broad EU strategy but no policy authority
-national heads of state and govt in "board of directors" role |
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Term
| Court of Justice of the European Union |
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Definition
-judicial functions
-"supreme court" role |
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Term
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Definition
-monetary policy
-coordination w/central banks of member states |
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Term
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Definition
| -auditing and financial control of EU resources |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Economic and Social Committee |
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Definition
-represents european interest organizations
-reviews and consults on EU policy |
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Term
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Definition
-represents offical regions (sub-national units) of EU
-reviews and consults on EU policy |
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Term
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Definition
1951
European Coal and Steel Comm ECSC |
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Term
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Definition
1957
European Econ. Community EEC
European Atmoic Engery Comm EURATOM |
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Term
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Definition
| Consolidated institutions set up under treaties of Paris and Rome |
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Term
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Definition
1965
Amended Treaty of Rome, enlarged scope of EC and set up 1992 Project to complete Single Market |
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Term
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Definition
1992, TEU, "Maastricht Treaty"
-created European Union
-Created EU citizenship
-established 2 pillars of policy (1. european community pillar, 2. common foreign and security policy CFSP, 3. Justice and home affairs pillar JHA) |
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Term
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Definition
1997
Extended TEU and Maastricht Treaty |
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Term
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Definition
2000
Streamlined EU Institutions in preparation for enlargement |
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Term
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Definition
2009
More institutional issues settled and more tools for foreign and security policy developed |
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Term
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Definition
Poland on Great North European Plain
Hungarian Plain
Semi-mountainous and mountainous terrain is rule/isolation and fragmentation is result
Importance of Danube River
Central Europe and Balkans
Eastern Europe opens as political reality only after 1991
Greece alone didn't share Communist experience |
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Term
| Historical Influences : General |
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Definition
After 1453, Central Europe became economically and culturally marginal
Italian Renaissance spread to W Europe and commercial activity shifted to Atlantic
Ottoman Turks spread empire over SE Europe pulling further from West as West was becoming world dominant
Emergence of modern nation-state in W Europe had no parallel in E Europe
Ottoman, Austraia, Prussian, and Russian Empire dominated C and E Europe (ideal of universla order)
Central Europe existed as territories or constituent parts of several empires |
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Term
| Historican Influences: Individual Differences |
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Definition
Poland emerged as medieval kingdom but remained decentralized, lost independence btw 1772 and 1795. re-emerged 1918
Czech. was created for first time 1918 (their lands prosperous and industrial, slovak lands poor and agricultural)
Hungary's medieval monarchy was brought into Ottoman Empire 1525 and later passed to Austrian Empire (dual monarchy 19th century produced austro-hungarian empire)
Romania/Bulgaria emerged from Ott. Empire 1979
Serbia emerged 1878 and became core of new Yugoslav state after 1918 |
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Term
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Definition
Romance language and R.Catholic religion
large, good agri., coal, and oil |
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Term
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Definition
| Under communism, pulled Romania to semi-independent position in COld War |
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Term
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Definition
Large turkish minority
Under communism, strongly tied to USSR as conterwight to stronger neighbors |
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Term
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Definition
most experimental creation of Versailles Conference
Component republics
Cultural and ec. differences
Experiments w/federalism and local self-management
Tito and partisan vets as centralizing force
WWII animosities
Large Jew minorities and others further complicated the ethnic identity of Central Europe |
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Term
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Definition
"Defines" C Europe
-Nationalism had grown in C Europe during 19th cent
-Western powers wanted to destroy Austria-Hungary and weaken Germany
-C European states had onle 20 yrs existence before WWII
-Violence of WWII added regional animosities |
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Term
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Definition
| Remove C Europe as basis for competition among larger powers |
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Term
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Definition
1945-1991
-Sov Union was main agent in installing Comm. regimes through C Europe
-Communism seen as remedy for econ. underdevelopment and weaks tate authority |
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Term
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Definition
1991-
The 3 favored nations: Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary |
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Term
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Definition
Economic dependency on Germany
Large, independent agric.
Independent Catholic Church
Territorial insecurity |
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Term
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Definition
Good industrial economic base
Democratic experience
Proximity to markets |
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Term
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Definition
Influential past
Pre-Communist middle class |
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Term
| Poland Contemporary Characteristics |
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Definition
Large/growing pop.
Good geographical setting for econ. development
Poor geographical setting for territorial and political security
Large private agric.
Industry heavily nationalized and state managed
Strong Cath Church reinforced national ID
Heavy financial investment from Germany
Poland overtaken other post-commy C European states in ec. growth |
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Term
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Definition
| W Europes concern w/security in post-cold war era |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Challenge of Eastern expansion of EU integration |
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Definition
costs
institutions
political balance
forcing the pace |
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Term
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Definition
Naval Defense
Early overseas expansion
global trade |
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Term
| Traditional England as weak state |
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Definition
common law
local authority and local control
Magna Carta
Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
| Cromwell's Republic, the "Glorious Rev" and Parliamentary Supremacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Great Reform Act 1832, expansion of franchise and emergence of political parties (liberals/conservatives, labour challenge) |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief in importance of experience as basis of knowledge |
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Term
| Finding community consensus |
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Definition
| Importance of consultation and inquiry as basis for public policy |
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Term
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Definition
| "We have superiour endowments" |
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Term
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Definition
| "We profess true religion, so God is on our side" |
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Term
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Definition
Exceptionalism
Protestant triumphalism
Traditionalism |
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Term
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Definition
Asceticism
Clan loyalty
Hard work linked to salvation |
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Term
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Definition
| "We have been purified by triumph over adversity" |
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Term
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Definition
| "Our identity and values are rooted in ancient communal bonds" |
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Term
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Definition
Protestant Ireland: Mixture of English and Scottish Nationalism
Catholic Ireland:
-Catholic Triumphalism
-Clan loyalties
-suffering linked to salvation |
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Term
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Definition
| "We profess true religion, so God is on our side" |
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Term
| Primogeniture and social integration |
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Definition
| mixing of aristocracy and middle classes |
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Term
| Industrial transformation of Britain |
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Definition
Urbanization
Progress and constant rising of living standards
Mass education |
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Term
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Definition
Banking
Shipping and shipbuilding
Insurance |
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Term
| Pound Sterling and British economy |
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Definition
Advantage of being world's banker
Disadvantage of protecting pound |
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Term
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Definition
Capitalist structure to economy
State control of economy (overall direction) (nationalized industries)
Large scale social welfare
Full employment
Social Welfare |
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Term
| Threat of European Ec Comm |
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Definition
threat of:
common tariff of EU
higher food costs (inflation)
need to improve production efficiencies rapidly
social instability from ec. change |
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Term
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Definition
Privatization
Strong control of social welfare costs
break power of trade unions
incentives to individual initiative
conversion of public to private housing
free trade |
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Term
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Definition
Service based economy
shift to south of england
return to markey economy |
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Term
| Main provision of Constituion |
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Definition
Rule of Law
Parliamentary Sovereignty
Unitary System
Constittional Monarchy
European Community Membership |
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Term
| Sources of British Constition |
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Definition
Statute Law
Common Law
Conventions
Works of authority |
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Term
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Definition
Fitzherbert's Abridgement (1516)
Coke's Institutes of the Law of England (1628-1644)
Russell's The History of English Law and Constition (1832)
Bagehot's The English Constition (1867) |
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Term
| Britain's Two-part executive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
symbolic and representative functions
political umpire function
social integration function |
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Term
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Definition
Union with Scotland 1707
Dominance of Whitehall |
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Term
| Parliamentary Sovereignty |
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Definition
Agreement of Queen, Lords, Commons
Glorious Revolution 1688
Resignation of Sir Robert Walpole 1742 |
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Term
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Definition
Emergence of Cabinet and PM
Collective Responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
Confrontation of Government and Opposition
Physical arrangements of house
Loyal oppostiions
committees
Debates (WHIPS, party discipliton)
Question Hour |
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Term
| Functions of House of Commons |
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Definition
representation
legislation
criticism and government accountability |
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Term
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Definition
composition of the lords
powers and functions of the lords
reform questions |
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Term
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Definition
size and composition
non-cabinet ministers and parliamentary secretaries
duties of cabinet
cabinet commettees |
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Term
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Definition
power of dissolution
power of patronage
party loyalties |
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Term
| Cabinet and House of Commons |
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Definition
Cabinet leadership of the house
important role of the Whips
Importance of party discipline (gov't power of dissolution and patronage, party loyalties of MPs)
party discipline in and our of gov't |
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Term
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Definition
Whitehall
Political neutrality
Functions and growing influence (technical nature of legislation , delegated legislation)
central role of Treasury (chancellor of exchequer)
amateur tradition under pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Conservatives and liberals
centered on leader and parliament
opening up to neeeds of mass politics |
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Term
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Definition
labour
centered on unions and national |
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Term
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Definition
party discipline and the whips
selecting a leader |
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Term
| Electorate and Voting patterns |
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Definition
| class, religion, region, changes |
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Term
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Definition
Origin and functions
exec leadership |
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Term
| early development of French state |
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Definition
Monarchy as savior (joan of arc)
monarchy and middle class (money and technical talent)
monarchy and aristocracy (palace of versailles)
centralization of state and growth of gonernmental institutions |
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Term
| Challenge of French Revolution |
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Definition
1789 -
radicalization of French rationalism by french middle class (constitutional monarchy to reign of terror) |
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Term
| Tradition of the "old regime" |
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Definition
French
strong state
importance of leadership
traditional values |
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Term
| Tradition of the Revolution |
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Definition
Popular control of state
equality and democratic institutions
rationalism as supreme value |
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Term
| Attempts to create political synthesis |
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Definition
Bonaparte and successors
Third and Fourth Republics
de Gaulle and Fifth Republic |
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Term
| France 20th Century Political Regimes |
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Definition
Third Republic 1871-1940
WWII Vichy Republic 1940-45
Fourth Republic 1946-1958
Fifth Republic 1958-present |
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Term
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Definition
| classic multi party coalition politics |
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Term
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Definition
| military/neo-fascist dictatorship under influence of German occupation |
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Term
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Definition
| classic multi party coalition politics |
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Term
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Definition
| modern version of Bonapartist synthesis republic with strong president |
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Term
| Three orders of French Politics |
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Definition
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Term
| Three orders of French Politics |
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Definition
| Left (industrial workers, class voters), Center (commercial, urban, middle class voters), Right (farmers, small town, rural voters) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transition, modernization of France |
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Term
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Definition
great services of the state
finance
interior
foreign affairs
defense
public works
social affairs
education |
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Term
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Definition
"Grad schools" serving the state
*Ecole Nationale d'Administration |
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Term
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Definition
Charisma used to break deadlock
Taps individualism of french culture
Bonaparte and successors
Clemenceau and Foch (WWI)
Petain (vichy)
de Gaulle |
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