• goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number
• there is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net

• "Iron Law of Wages"
• when wages were high, workers have more children
• more children create labor surplus that decreases wages
• no government help for the poor
• "Law of Free Market" : Industrial through thrift, hard work, and small families will be successful 

• fewer babies
• population growth will outpace food supply
• war, famine, or disease could all kill population
• poor should have less children ---> food supply will then keep up with population  

• puts a condenser on steam engine
• more efficient
• steam cars, ships, locomotives 

• inventes steam engine as a pump 

• realism was an accurate description of Industrial life in Victorian England 
• "Oliver Twist"

• "I don't was to be tsar"
• power will not be questioned
• doesn't want change 
• sends troops to squish Hungarian Revolution

• Hungarian revolution ruler
• Russians came to squish the rebellion
• Austrians helped end it 

• Hapsburg
• Liberal indstitutions don't exist
• abolished serfdom 

• Declared a hereditary 2nd French Empire
• got voted for (universal male suffrage)
• President for life
• Uncle is Napolean Bonapart 

Louis Blanc

(French)

• Socialist
• National Workshops 
• end competition or cut throar capitalism
• political reforms for the working class
• state should set up government run factories to guarantee full employment

• History goes through a series of class struggle
• Hegelian Dialectic
• Thesis--> <--Antithesis = Synthesis

• The Age of Metternich
• Mr. Conservative
• prevented liberal or national revolution or government
• chiefs aims were to secure not just victory but peace and stability
• not to punish France
• restore old monarchies
• Bourbon Monarchy in a Conservative Monarchy
• "When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold"
• Prolaterian will overthrough Bourgeoisie 

• Duke of Orleans
• Voted by Bourgeoisie
• Grants liberal reforms
• Government is controlled by Bourgeoisie
• Ignored the needs of the San-Culottes 

• Lessen influence of middle class
• Limit the right to vote
•  Clergy in charge of education
• Control press
•  Dismiss Parliament 

• society exists through continuity
• natural rights must have historical development
• society's main right was to be governed by its ruler 

• there are higher pleasures and lower pleasures, higher are preferable
• better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied 

• German born
• Jewish
• Atheist
• Capitalist pigs
• Marxism or Scientific Socialism
• Believed his doctrine was completely scientific 
• All History was a history of class struggle
• said religion was the opium of the people
• Communists --> no religion
• used Dialectical Idealism
• There would be a violent revolution against the prevailing power of the day

• industrialist
• write Communist Manifesto
• IR had produced great wealth and great inequality 

• Laissez Faire=leave it alone
• Invisible Hand= In competition, individual ambition serves the common good
• Free Markets= "an obvious and simple system of natural liberty" didn't favor the market owner
• Government had 3 duties
• Provide defense against foreign invasion
• Maintain civil order, police
• Sponsor public works 
• Against mercantilism because the government gave unfair privileges for state approved monopolies
• Prices depend on supply and demand

Count Claode Henri de Saint Simon

(French)

• private wealth, property should be subjective to a board of directors, not owners
• management of wealth is not redistribution of wealth but management by experts = no poverty
• some of the first Feminist debates
• Saint Simonians were known for advocating sexuality outside of marriage 

• Self Cotton manufacture
• industrialist at heart
• his factory in New Lanark, Scottland
• created a humane industrial enviornment for his workers and still made good money 
• good housing, recreation with kids in school

Charles Fourier

(French)

• math socialist
• wanted a cooperative community in a shape of phalanxes with exactly 1620 people on 500 acres doing farming and industry
• wanted women emancipated (free)
• marriage was a form of prostitution
• no marriage or marriage late in life, liberated living, this would equal to no boredom
• love and sexualy freedom
• suring the day, workers switched the job they were doing 

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

(French)

• wrote "What is Property?" 
• property was profit stolen from the people
• workers were the source of all wealth
• attacked the banking system for not lending to small businesses
• wanted a country of small businesses

• Don't touch the Papal States, unification falls apart 

• Defends Rome against the French 
• With his Red Shirts he takes the kingdom of the Two Siciles but skirt the Papal States for fear of French intervention

• Architect of Italian Unification 
• Knew the way to unificate was nationalism and industrialism
• Meet with Napolean III and agreed to help Piedmont against Austria

• led the way in Italian unification
• becomes the 1st King of Italy, 1861

• "Hohensollern" Prussia

• military genius for Prussian army 

• Realpolitik
• "Blood and Iron"
• Led the way in German Unification with realpolitik
• Knew it would be Prussian military power "war" (Blood) and Prussian Industry (Iron) that would unite Germany 
• Going to be a general European War
1. French trying to take back Alsace-Laorraine
2. Something out of Europe
3. Some Damn thing out in the Balkans
• Kulturkampf
• anti catholic program
• takes education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy
• Jesuits expelled from Germany

• Divine right of kings
• Dummy
• Fired Bismarck

• last of the Hapsburgs
• Compromise of 1867 

Sigmund Freud

(Austrian Jew)

• Very hostile to religion
• off shoot Romanticism, irrational
• Freudian Slip: when you say something and mean something else
• ID: SEX
• Ego:uncoscience thought
• Superego:society imposes acceptable behavior on individual (church)

• no fun
• attacked rationality, nationalism, science, progress, democracy (social contact)
• emtional thinking is as important as logical thinking
• "God is Dead" 
• Christianity and democracy bredd medicrity
• the modern christian European attitude had killed him
• Freeing the mind
• critical racism and hatred of Jews

Dr. Karl Lugar

(Austrian)

• elected mayor of Vienna, Austria in 1897
• one of the 1st to have raised the banner of Anti-Semitism (Jewish) to get elected
• used Anit Semitism to rally the petty Bourgeoisie
• Influenced Adolf Hitler