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founder of Lutheranism, wrote 95 Theses
translated New Testament into German
wrote Shorter and Larger Catechisms |
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| HRE, King of Spain, Hungary, Duke of Burgundy, Lord of Netherlands, Lord of the World, had territories in Italy and Sicily, controlled Austria, and almost all of South America, Edict of Worms (1521), formed Schmalkaldic League, inadvertently promoted Lutheranism because of animosity to French king who then supported Protestant princes, always at war, eventually gave up lands piece by piece, works closely with church, sacks Rome in 1527 |
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| kept switching side sides between Francis I and Charles V, switched to France's side, then France lost and Charles V sacked Rome. Cared more about art than German politics. Because he sucked, Protestantism spread. Refused Henry VIII an annulment because of the Protestant pressure on him, and he couldn't go back in a previous pope's word. |
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| the primate of England, the highest English Catholic church official, tried to negotiate the divorce of Henry VIII |
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| The chief religious adviser to Bloody Mary, he and her husband, Phillip II, told her to stop burning Protestants |
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| Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen |
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| queen from 1558-1603 - adopts Latitudinarianism, the religious policy that separated the Church of England from the Catholicism, but it's not completely Protestant. Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. One of the shrewdest rulers ever. |
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| wanted to be HRE, fights the Hapsburg-Valois wars in Italy with Charles V |
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| gave Henry VIII the golden rose and title Defensor Fidelis. He issued the Exsurge Domine Bull of 1520-21 (before the Edict of Worms) |
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| v\Henry VIII’s first wife, aunt of Charles V, mother of Bloody Mary, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Her sister, married Phillip of Burgundy, and had Charles V. |
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| Son of Henry VIII, furthered Protestantism, and then died. |
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| King Phillip II (1555-98) |
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| Spanish Armada, married to Bloody Mary. |
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| head of Presbyterian movement in Scotland. 1560 - convinces Parliament to end papal authority, ends Mass, and creates the Presbyterian church of Scotland. |
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| Frederick III, the Wise, of Saxony |
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| protected Martin Luther, possible HRE |
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| French humanist lawyer. 1536 - writes the Institute of the Christian Religion. 1541 - invited to Geneva to reform the city and establishes a theocracy and creates Calvinism. He persecutes dissenters and is the head of the Consistory. |
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| (1509-47) - Married to Catherine of Aragon, and wanted to divorce her. Act in Restraint of Appeal is passed in 1533, which creates a break with the papacy. The Supremacy Act of 1534 puts the king in charge of the new English Church. Father of Bloody Mary and Elizabeth I. |
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| second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth, beheaded for failing to produce a male heir at the Tower of London. |
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| married to Phillip II, strongly opposed Protestantism because she was the daughter of strongly Catholic Catherine of Aragon. She beheaded a lot of people. |
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| Dominican preacher who was hired by Archbishop Albert to sell indulgences, made up slogans |
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| lead lesser nobles and knights against the Church in the Knights War of 1522 |
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| Spanish mercenary soldier who started the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits. |
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| 95 Theses On the Power of Indulgences |
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| written by Martin Luther in 1517 as a response to Albert de Brandenburg's sell of indulgences and how they violated the sacrament of penance. |
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| (1521) - Charles V orders Luther to recant his 95 Theses and outlaws him, but Frederick of Saxony protects him. |
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| (1520) - papal bull excommunicating and rejecting Luther |
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| the belief that the wine and bread of the Eucharist become the literal blood and body of Christ |
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| belief that the bread and wine become a spiritual version of Christ |
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| selling of forgiveness for sins - Thesaurus Meritorium |
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| owning multiple benefices/diocese |
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| Suleiman I takes most of Hungary from Charles V |
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| group of Protestant princes that were fighting against the Catholic princes in the Holy Roman Empire |
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| War of Religion (1547-1555) |
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| Protestant princes fighting against the Catholic princes in the Holy Roman Empire |
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| Charles V recognizes Lutheranism - flaw in that it ignored Calvinism. Ends the War of Religion. All lands that turned Lutheran after 1552 could stay, but those before then, had to revert to Catholicism - ecclesiastical reservations |
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| Cuius regio, eius religio |
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| whoever's region, their religion, defining principle of the Peace of Augsburg |
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| God makes an arbitrary decision at our birth about whether you're going to Heaven or Hell |
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| Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536/1559) |
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| John Calvin's book, introduction to Calvinist faith |
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| Ecclesiastical Ordinances |
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| bylaws of a Christian religious organization, mostly a church or diocese, used in Anglican Communion |
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| government based on religion |
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| former were those predestined to go to Hell, the latter to Heaven |
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| Olrich von Hatten leads lesser nobles and knights to steal Church land (the needed $ because of the decline of feudalism and manorialsim) |
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| Peasant's Revolt (1524-25) |
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| Lutheran peasants misinterpreted Luther's "we're equal in God's eyes," and, and first, Luther supported them against the lords, but when it got out of hand, Luther allowed nobles to crush them. The peasants drew up the 12 Articles. 75,000 were killed. Caused by cop failure and economic decline. |
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| the jurisdictional region of a particular church official |
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| rejected doctrine of the Holy Trinity, Michael Servetus was burned by Calvin for this |
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| the religious policy that separated the Church of England from the Catholicism, but it's not completely Protestant. |
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| Book of Common Prayer (1549) |
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| book of Anglicanism, written by Thomas Crammer |
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| Scottish Calvinism, lead by John Knox |
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| English Protestants, wanted all Catholic elements eliminated from the Church of England |
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| Council of Trent (1545-63) |
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called by Pope Paul III, made a lot of reforms
Equal validity to Scriptures and tradition
reaffirms 7 sacraments and transubstantiation
Tridentine decrees: bishops must reside in diocese, no pluralism or simony, forbids sale of indulgences
Forbids concubines
Gives bishops almost absolute control
Requires them to visit each religious house in the diocese at least once every two years
Tridentine decree Tametsi: marriage must have witnesses and priest
Required to establish a seminary for education and training of the priests in each diocese
Church prescribed curriculum, preference to sons of the poor
Candidates need genuine inclination and calling to priesthood
Emphasis on preaching and instructing the laity, esp. the uneducated. |
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| Congregation of the Holy Office (1542) |
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| created by Pope Paul III, in charge of Roman Inquisition: 6 cardinals w/ power to arrest, imprison, and execute all Catholics. Published the Index of Prohibited Reading. Accepted hearsay evidence and used torture, but only had power in the Papal States |
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| Congregation of the Index |
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| the group that decides the Index of Prohibited Reading |
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| English Reformation (1527) |
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| When Henry VIII split off of the Catholic Church |
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| 4 Changes Adopted by Reformation Movements: |
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Rejection of:
1. Papal authority
2. Participation in any effective international organization
3. Belief in the sacerdotal powers of the priesthood
4. Holy orders such as the Jesuits
5. Vulgate
6. Belief in transubstantiation
7. Obligatory confession
8. Belief in Purgatory
9. Cult of Saints and Virgin Mary
10. Masses and prayers for the dead
Other changes:
11. Belief in justification by faith - Calvinists had predestination, and Lutherans achieved paradise through faith alone
12. Reduced the # of sacraments from seven to 2 or 3
13. Principles of faith and salvation are found in the Bible alone, not in the papacy
14. Affirmed the notion/right of private judgment in matters of faith |
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| 5 reasons why the church found itself in trouble in the 16th |
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1. The church's sins: Papal ignorance, Celibacy,
2. The ottomans threat (weakened the church)
3. Monarchs were growing in power: took away the money and land of the church
4. The growth of Humanism and secularism
5. War in Italy |
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1. Decline of church due to schism and Babylonian captivity
2. Growth of secularism/ humanism
3. Spread of lay religious groups outside Church
4. Rise of national monarchies (nationalism vs. internationalism)
5. Resistance of feudal elements to new monarchies
6. Dissolute clergy- priests behaving badly
7. German Paticularism- German individual liberties
8. The ottoman threat
9. Zeal of Catholic Spain
10. Dominance of Charles V
11. Fear of being absorbed into the Hapsburg Empire |
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