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Despots, one man rulers, in power in Italian city-states 1300-1500
Pretended to follow laws, but actually manipulated them for own benefit |
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Government of Venice (the true power)
elected by Senate, "ruled" by Doge
Created to root out treason |
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Rule of merchant aristocrats,had a constitution but only rich merchants had true power
Italy 1300 - 1500 |
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| Leader of Mercenary army in Italy, a contractor, loyal to highest bidder |
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Author of "Prince" and "Discourse on Livy"
was realist, looked for ideal in the past, believed mankind is bad
critical of church, believed in seperation of church and state |
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Written by Castiglione, published 1528
read widely in 16th and 17th century: influenced social ideas and conduct of elite during Renaissance
Tried to discipline young men to be: strong physically and spiritually, intellectually; should have knowledge of dance, music, arts |
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| Society in which rank is based upon achievement |
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increased Vatican library, authorized Spanish Inquistition, built Sistine Chapel
in charge of Pazzi conspiracy (attempt to kill Medicis which failed)= lead to excommunication of Florence |
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| strong Renaissance family |
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| Sculpture in which subject is relaxed, standing with one knee bent and weight on one leg |
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in Italy, tried to find human nature in classic antiquity
concentrated on moral code, anti-cleric, based on ancient philosophers
Divided history into 3 parts: Ancient, Medieval, Modern |
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| founded Brethren of Common Life |
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Dutch philosopher, wrote: "In Praise of Folly"
Criticized Church but didn't want separation
book written in vernacular language
was humanist but against paganism, believed in basic good of man, stressed ethics and piety,
wanted simpler and more tolerant church/ religion |
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| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) |
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| proclaimed by Charles VII of France, gave king greater power than Church in France |
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Tax placed by Charles V of France, salt tax
Together with Taille tax it was greatest source of income until Revolution |
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at first in exile in France, but then invades England and wins at Battle of Bosworth Field and becomes a Tudor
outlaws: livery and maintenance
Establishes: Court of Star Chamber, a stron middle class as his officials, local gentry in control of areas
Demolishes illegal castles
Source of income: Tonnage and poundage
Never calls Parliament |
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| tariff on imports and exports |
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Red Rose
branch of Plantagenet dynasty, fought with Henry VII |
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originally Duke of Gloucester
persuades Edward VI to imprison brother Clarence (who he later kills) after death of Edward declares nephews illegitimate and kills them
defeated by Henry VII |
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king of Spain with Isabella, brought Aragon and Castile together
revived hermandades, got rights to appoint bishops in Spain, reconstructed royal council to take away power from nobles
became Grand Master of all 3 major knighthoods |
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| Ferdinand's Methods of Getting Income |
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Alcabala (sales tax)
required Spanish Catholic Church to donate 1/3 of it's money gained from tithes
servicios
collected dues from knighthoods
Mestas (shephard's union)
got money from New World
and big taxes from non-European Spanish holdings |
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Muslims who converted to Catholicism but suspected of still preaching Islam
target for Spanish Inquisition |
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| royal officials in Spain dispatched to New World to make sure King is obeyed |
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very powerful banking family in Florence
lost power when Savonarola rallied the poor people against them |
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council of Venice, elected by public.
elected the Senate, but otherwise didn't have much power |
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government led by unlawful ruler who maintained power by force
no royal lineage, fuedal authority
considered necessary evil |
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| led warfare during Renaissance |
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written by Michiavelli
says king should be ruthless and manipulative of political power
to be feared is better than to be loved but both would be best
some say based on Borgia |
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Humanist and poet
believed they were living during a new period of light
he was the one who divided History into 3 parts
believed he was witnessing rebirth of intellectual achievement |
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was a medici, practiced simony (selling of indulgences)
forced to sign Concordat at Bologna
Petrucci Conspiracy tried to kill him
signed 1520 Bull Exurge Dominae |
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| between Leo X and Francis I of France which allowed king to appoint French church officials in France |
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| Bull of Exsurge Dominae 1520 |
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demanded by Leo X that Luther correct 41 errors in writting
Luther refused and was excommunicated with his followers |
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Dominican friar, attacked paganism and moral lack of Florence and undemocratic government of Medicis as well as corruption of Pope Alexander VI
helped downfall of Medicis
later excomunicated and executed |
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Florentine Renaissance sculptor
revived classical figure |
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Northern Humanism, developed for the masses mostly in vernacular
centered philosophically on Chrisianity and based on writings of fathers of the church (Mark, Matthew, Luke, John)
stressed quiet contemplative life |
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| German who wrote "Imitation of the Christ" the handbook of the Brethren of the Common Life |
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written by Erasmus, satire of church
very popular |
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| if line dies out, property goes to the King |
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| Swiss Army who used Pikes |
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white rose
lost to Lancaster when Henry VII became king
earlier won Battle of Tewksbury (1471) which put Edward IV on the throne |
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| Queen of Spain, very Catholic, did exact same things that Ferdinand did |
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founded in 1481 by Ferdinand and Isabella
tortured new Christians to make sure they weren't practicing old religion |
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legalized government by aristocratic federation in Holy Roman Empire:
it gave the 7 electors virtual sovereignty in own territories = decreased power of the Emperor |
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| one of pioneers of perspective during Renaissance |
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| governing body of Venice with 100 members, elected by Council of 500, elected Council of 10 |
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| an ambassador that would permanently stay in capital of another country to monitor political and commercial ties |
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| wrote "Book of the Courtier" |
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emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests and capabilities
very christian and rejected classic ideas that opposed Christianity |
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warrior pope
had 2 goals: restore political and territorial powers of the Papal States, and personal glory
patron of the arts (raphael and michelangelo) and had Sistine Chapel painted
founded Swiss Guards to protect pope
called 5th Lateron Council altho nothing happened |
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period from 1300 - 1600, intellectual and cultural flowering
classicized European culture
started with Italian Renaissance |
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center of royal authority under Henry VII, goverened at national level
12- 15 regular representatives
few of representatives were great lords
handeled anything king needed: judicial, executive, legislative |
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| Council of the Star Chamber |
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offshoot of the royal council, dealt with real and potential threats from nobles
evidence was not shown to accused, were tortured to get confessions, no juries |
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brotherhoods, groups in towns given authority to act as local police and judicial tribunals
used to curb rebellions/ warring nobles under Ferdinand and Isabella
repressed violence with savage punishments
disbanded in 1498 |
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brotherhoods, groups in towns given authority to act as local police and judicial tribunals
used to curb rebellions/ warring nobles under Ferdinand and Isabella
repressed violence with savage punishments
disbanded in 1498 |
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in Spain
Jews forced to convert to Catholicism
also called conversos or maranos |
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alliance between 1508 - 1510 between Maximilien I (HRE), Louis XII, Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Aragon and several Italian city states to control the power/ territorial expansion of Venice
leauge won |
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influential painter and sculptor, taught Da Vinci
influenced Michelangelo's David |
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group founded by Grotte had many free schools
focused on learning by "Imitation of Christ"
memebers criticized Church and included ppl like Thomas More (Utopia) |
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King of France, father of Louis XI, house of Valois
reconciled Burgundians and Armagnacs
published Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
raised large army and established courts |
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land tax in France, chief source of income until Revolution
two types: personelle and real |
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| Charles the Bold of Burgundy |
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enemy of Louis XI
ruled from Dijon, had no sons
defeated and killed at Battle of Nancy |
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battle between Chales the Bold and Louis XI/ swiss army
result: Louis gets lands of Charles thru appenage system, and has landesknecht on his side |
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spider king, plotted death of aristocratic opponents and replaced them with loyal relatives
knew his limitations
recieved Charles the Bold's lands and some gunpowder |
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| outlawed by Henry VII: was right for nobles to have bodyguards (which later turned into armies) |
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| Battle of Bosworth Field 1485 |
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| Battle between Henry VII and Richard III after which he becomes king |
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| landed gentry in England, were generally business men so worked together and had some political power |
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Spanish cardinal under Ferdinand and Isabella: was head of all cardinals and reformed Spanish curch
all Jews/ Moors had to convert or die |
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Spanish campaign to rid Iberian peninsula of Jew and Moors, completed in 1492 with conquer of Granada
gave birth to patriotism loyal to king and church
negative influences:no more prosperous or industrious people in Spain |
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| annual salary Ferdinand and Isabella had cortes pay |
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| members of electoral college of HRE and elected the Emperor |
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| won competition with his bronze dooes |
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| no real power, leader of Venice, under constant watch |
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| succesful demonstration of human capabilities |
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appointed head of abbey at age 9
murederd brother, brother in law, Patriarch of Venice to seize fortune
son of Alexander VI |
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pope
mediates Treaty of Tordesillas 1493(split world in two between Spain and Portugal)
1494 moves line east so portugal actually gets some legit land
involved with invasion of Italy by France |
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| English Dynasty began with Henry VII |
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| New Christians, conversos |
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| Spanish crown's claim to 1/5 of all wealth that comes from the America's |
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