The failure of the US to join the league

American determination to be isolated from European affairs

Could only use economic sanctions/penalties to halt aggression 

France alliance w/ Poland, Czech, Romania, Yugoslavia

Overlooked the fundamental military weakness of those nations 

German reparations-132 billion marks($33 billion), payment annual installments of 2.5 billion gold marks

* payed first year, couldn't pay the second

French sent in troops to occupy the Ruhr Valley

Germans adopted a policy of passive resistance, printed more paper money