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- Contains genes
- DNA is organized into chromosomes(that carry genetic info)
- Directs proteins synthesis by making mRNA
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- dark spot in nucleus
- Makes ribsomal RNA with instructions from DNA
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- Made in nucleus
- transported from nucleus to cytoplasm (through nuclear pores)
- Once in cytoplasm, ribosomes translate mRNA's genetic message into PRIMARY structure of polypeptide chain
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- Made of ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
- Made in nucleolus
- Carry out protein synthesis:
- read mRNA and make polypeptide chain
- Cells w/high rate of protein synthesis=MORE RIBOSOMES(ex:pancreas)
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- suspended in cytosol
- make proteins in the cytosol that function in cytosol
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- attached to outside of ER or nuclear envelope
- Make proteins for insertion into membranes, packaging in cell (like lysosomes), or secreted proteins
- Cells that specialize in protein secretion (pancreas secretes digestive enzymes)have MORE ATTACHED RIBOSOMES
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- synthesis of proteins
- transport proteins:membranes, organelles, out of cell
- metabolism and movement of lipids
- detox of poisons in cell
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- many membranous tubules and sacs, continuous with nuclear envelope
- Smooth ER (no ribosomes)
- Rough ER (ribosomes studded on outer surface)
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- Synthesizes lipids:sex hormones & steroids in adrenal glands
- Testes and ovaries=RICH IN SMOOTH ER
- Detoxify drugs/poisons (liver cells)
- Store calcium ions
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- specialized cells secrete proteins made by the ribosomes attached to RER
- polypeptide chain grows from attached ribosome->goes into ER lumen and folds
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- Products from ER are modified, stored, sent to places
- extensive in cells specialized for secretion
- makes polysaccharides to be secreted out of cell
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- has lytic enyzmes inside, fuse with particle to break down
- food vacuoles from phagocytosis eating process fuse with lysosome to digest it(in protists)
- HUMAN CELLS carrying out phagocytosis: macrophages(white blood cell that defends body by engulfing/destroying bacteria) have more lysosomes
- Autodigestion: cell wears out, damaged->chemical cue tells lysosome to rupture so cell is digested/recycled
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- holds polypeptide from mRNA made in ribosome of rough ER and takes to golgi apparatus
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- takes secretory proteins to cell membrane and out of cell (merges with cell membrane)
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- storage cite:70% water
- helps move materials through cell (amino acids, salts, glycogen, minerals, vitamins)
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- made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- selective barrier
- Proteins embedded in cell membrane: Transport proteins, enyzmatic proteins, recognition protein(cells communicate), anchor proteins (cells can connect into tissues)
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