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Etiology of Periodontal Disease Pt. 2
Chapter 6
88
Architecture
Professional
02/19/2013

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Term
A biofilm develops by stacking BLANK on top of another BLANK.
Definition
A biofilm develops by stacking one bacterial species on top of another bacterial species.
Term
What is coaggregation?
Definition
the cell-to-cell adherence of one oral bacterium to another
Term
Is coaggregation random?
Definition
No, each bacterial strain only has a limited set of bacteria to which they are able to adhere
Term
Why is coaggregation important?
Definition
it is important in development of the bacterial biofilm
Term
What are the first bacteria to colonize a tooth surface?
Definition
nonpathogenic
Term
When can periodontal pathogens colonize the biofilm?
Definition
after nonpathogenic species are attached
Term
Where are periodontal pathogens before they are attached to the biofilm?
Definition
free-floating in the mouth until early colonizers attach to the tooth
Term
How do the early colonizers tell the periodontal bacteria that they can attach to the tooth surface?
Definition
they send signals when the conditions are favorable
Term
Free-floating bacteria cannot joing the tooth surface until BLANK.
Definition
Conditions are favorable
Term
Is the order of attachment random?
Definition
no they go in a specific order like the A-B-C's
Term
When can intermediate and late bacterial colonizers join the biofilm?
Definition
after the early colonizers are in place on the tooth surface
Term
What is an example of a species that are early colonizers?
Definition
Streptococcal Species
Term
Where do streptococcal species have the ability to attach?
Definition
to the tooth pellicle and each other
Term
Do other early colonizers have the ability to attach to the pellicle?
Definition
no, but they can attach/coaggregate with the streptococcal species
Term
Are the periodontal pathogens usually early colonizers?
Definition
no, they are usually late colonizers
Term
Early colonizers adhere to what?
Definition
the pellicle coating the tooth
Term
Intermediate colonizers coaggregate with what?
Definition
the early colonizers
Term
Late colonizers coaggregate with what?
Definition
the intermediate colonizers
Term
Can planktonic(free floating) periodontal pathogens cause disease?
Definition
no
Term
When can periodontal pathogens colonize the biofilm?
Definition
after nonpathogenic early colonizers attach to the tooth surface
Term
What can we do the disrupt the biofilm?
Definition
daily self-care, so the biofilm will be constantly reforming
Term
What happens each time the biofilm is disrupted?
Definition
the process must start over with early colonizers
Term
What is the first stage of bacterial colonization?
Definition
colonization of the pellicle
Term
What bacteria colonizes the pellicle?
Definition
Early Gram Positive
Term
What are two examples of early gram positive bacteria that colonize the pellicle?
Definition
-Actinomyces viscosus
-Streptococcus sanguis
Term
What happens during intermediate coaggregation?
Definition
the bacteria begin to multiply
Term
What type of bacteria arrive after the initial gram positive ones?
Definition
gram negative
Term
What are two examples of this gram negative bacteria?
Definition
-fusobacterium nucleatum
-prevotella intermedia
Term
What color does gram negative bacteria stain? Gram Positive?
Definition
+ stains purple, - stains red
Term
What happens after gram negative bacterial join the biofilm?
Definition
they begin to colonize
Term
What gram negative bacteria are seen during colonization?
Definition
-Porphyromonas gingivalis(PG, Mr.Perio)
-Capnocytophaga gingivalis
Term
Is the organization of bacteria within a biofilm random?
Definition
no, it is organized because there are specific associations among bacterial species
Term
What are Socransky's Complexes?
Definition
microorganisms grouped into complexes, each complex is assigned a color
Term
What are the colors associated with Socransky's Complexes?
Definition
green= low risk
red= high risk
Term
What are these colors based on?
Definition
the association with health or disease
Term
What are yellow and green associated with?
Definition
early colonizers, compatible with gingival health
Term
What are orange and red associated with?
Definition
thought to be major etiologic agents of perio disease
Term
Where does plaque biofilm development begin?
Definition
begins supragingivally (near gingival margin) and progresses subgingivally
Term
How quickly does the pellicle form after polishing?
Definition
within hours
Term
How quickly do early colonizers attach supragingivally?
Definition
within hours
Term
How long does it take the surface of the tooth crown to become covered?
Definition
about 6 hours
Term
How long does it take for mature supragingival biofilm to form?
Definition
7 days
Term
How long does it take subgingival biofilm to form?
Definition
3-12 weeks
Term
Where are some subgingival attachment zones?
Definition
-the root surface(on cementum)
-epithelial lining of periodontal pocket
Term
Where do tooth associated bacteria attach?
Definition
just below the gingival margin almost to the JE
Term
What do tooth associated bacteria appear to have the ability to do?
Definition
invade dental tubules of the cementum What
Term
What shape of bacteria is tooth associated bacteria dominated by?
Definition
cocci and rods
Term
Where does tissue associated bacteria attach?
Definition
to the epithelium of the pocket wall
Term
Are tooth and tissue associated bacteria the same?
Definition
no they are distinctly different
Term
What can tissue associated bacteria invade?
Definition
the gingival connective tissue and can be found on the surface of alveolar bone
Term
What shape are tissue associated bacteria?
Definition
spirochetes and flagellated bacteria
Term
BLANK-associated plaque is the most detrimental to the periodontal tissues.
Definition
tissue-associated plaque
Term
In addition to attached bacteria, the peridontal pocket also contains what?
Definition
free floating bacteria that are not part of the biofilm
Term
What does research show as the primary cause of destruction seen in periodontitis?
Definition
the body's immune response
Term
What activates the body's immune system?
Definition
periodontal pathogens
Term
What causes the most damage?
Definition
inflammation
Term
What is periodontitis?
Definition
a continuous low-grade inflammation occuring 24 hours a day, month after month
Term
Are bacteria alone the cause of periodontal disease?
Definition
no, it is the relationship between bacteria AND host response that causes tissue destruction in perio
Term
What are virulence factors?
Definition
mechanisms that enable the bacteria to colonize and invade the tissues of the periodontium
Term
Are virulence factors a major cause of periodontal destruction?
Definition
no, they are a minor cause of periodontal destruction
Term
What is anther name for a diseased sulcus?
Definition
an ulcerated sulcus
Term
What are the two types of bacterial virulence factors?
Definition
1.characteristics of the bacteria
2.products produced by the bacteria
Term
What is the 1st bacterial characteristic that determines bacterial virulence?
Definition
bacterial invasion factors
Term
What do bacterial invasion factors allow?
Definition
allow bacterium to actively penetrate the epithelium lining of the pocket wall and enter the gingival connective tissue
Term
Where have both gram positive and negative bacteria been found?
Definition
in the intercellular spaces of the gingival connective tissue and near the alveolar bone
Term
How do bacterium invade the gingival tissues?
Definition
through ulcerations within the pocket epithelium
Term
What are some bacteria that will invade host tissue cells? (4)
Definition
-Aa
-Pg
-F.nucleatum
-Treponema denticola
Term
What is a key factor in differentiating pathogenic from nonpathogenic gram bacteria?
Definition
the bacteria's ability to invade the host tissue cell's
Term
What are peptides?
Definition
short chains of amino acids found in the bacterial cell membrane
Term
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Definition
regulates what gets in or out of the cell
Term
What do T-cells do?
Definition
lock on to the peptides and alert the body's immune system of bacterial invaders
Term
What happens to the peptides when a bacterium dies?
Definition
they unlink and become single amino acids
Term
What does this cause?
Definition
then there is nothing for the t-cells to lock on to, so the host immune response subsides
Term
What are endotoxins?
Definition
harmful proteins released from the bacterial cell that acts on host cells
Term
What type of bacteria are endotoxins associated with?
Definition
gram -
Term
What is a bacteria that produces endotoxins?
Definition
Aa
Term
Which endotoxin is produced by Aa?
Definition
leukotoxin(LT)
Term
What does leukotoxin do?
Definition
enables bacteria to destroy host leukocytes in the sulcus or pocket
Term
What is bacterial enzyme production?
Definition
agents that are harmful to host cells
Term
What do the enzymes produced by periodontal pathogens do? (4)
Definition
-increases permeability of epithelial tissue(allow bacteria to penetrate)
-contributes to breakdown on gingival collagen fibers
-promotes apical migration of JE
-reduces ability of immunoglobins to defend host
Term
Can biofilm bacteria easily be killed?
Definition
no they are EXTREMELY resistant to antibiotics, antimicrobials, and the body's immune system
Term
What protects the biofilm from drugs and the body's leukocytes?
Definition
the extracellular slime layer
Term
Bacteria produce enzymes that do what to antibiotics?
Definition
degrade antibiotics faster than the drug can penetrate the biofilm
Term
Bacteria in the deepest layers of the biofilm become what?
Definition
dormant
Term
Antibiotics only work on bacteria that is...
Definition
active and reproducing
Term
What happens when a course of antibiotics is finished?
Definition
the dormant bacteria in the biofilm reactivate
Term
BLANK removal of biofilm s essential.
Definition
physical
Term
What is control of bacteria in the dental plaque biofilm best achieved by?
Definition
physical disruption of the plaque biofilm
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