Term
| Educational attainment of Latinos: |
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Definition
| Latino students have the lowest expectations for degree attainment, are least likely to enroll in college immediately after high school, and tend to apply to fewer colleges than other students |
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Definition
A few respondents alluded to institutional abuse as a barrier to success with their graduate school application
· many respondents applied twice to graduate school as a result of having been denied admission to PhD programs the first time they applied
· Rigoberto believed it was because of improper guidance from his faculty advisor that he was unable to gain admittance to a PhD program after graduation with his bachelor's degree |
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Term
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Definition
| institutional neglect and abuse, include (a) schools unwillingness or inability to prepare students for college (institutional neglect) and (B) actions by institutional agents that undermine students opportunities for college attendance(institutional abuse)these actions include things like being emotionally discouraging, providing inaccurate or insufficient information, withholding information, and limiting access to college opportunities |
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Definition
| how Latinos navigate through the graduate school application process within the context of structural inequalities, including the lack of access to social and cultural capital, it is not well analyzed or understood |
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Definition
| Latina students have access to agents of social capital (parents, sibling, and school-based honors programs)that facilitate their entrance into college |
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Definition
| unlike theoretical models that privilege one system of inequality and generally ignore or subsume all others, multiracial feminism underscores intersectionality and refuses to privilege any individual structure of inequality, particularly because all three forms of inequality are entrenched in society and impinge on women and men of all racial/ethnic and class backgrounds |
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Term
| *Familiarity with the graduate school application process: |
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Definition
| Research has found that many students do not know how to apply to graduate school or what the doctoral socialization process entails |
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| *Familiarity with the graduate school application process: |
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Definition
| Lack of knowledge concerning graduate school admissions is even more pronounced for Latino students, particularly for first generation Latino college students from working class backgrounds |
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Definition
Several student reported feeling "lost" and intimidate" by the graduate schools application process
· This was especially true of women. Latinas were more likely than their male peers to describe the process as "intimidating" and "scary" |
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Term
| What research finds concerning the GRE: |
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Definition
| The vast majority of respondents reported experiencing difficulties with the GRE, describing it as "hard." dehumanizing, and intimidating; some even reported being "afraid" of the GRE |
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Term
| *The major obstacles & sources of support for Latinos: |
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Definition
Some of these respondent participated in formal undergraduate research programs designed to recruit racial/ethnic minority students into academic careers
· These programs typically provide research experiences for undergraduates, encourage students to pursue doctorates and research careers, and help students navigate through the graduate school admissions process |
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Term
| *Role of siblings in the college choice process for Latinos: |
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Definition
Some participants relied on family members, particularly siblings, for information and guidance with the graduate school choice process
· For working class Latinos, siblings typically older ones, who have attended college, often act as institutional agents |
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Term
George Martinez
*Independent School District v. Salvatierra |
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Definition
| Plaintiffs sought to enjoin segregation of Mexican Americans in the city of Del Rio, Texas. There, the court treated Mexican Americans as white, holding that Mexican Americans could not be segregated from children of “other white races, merely or solely because they are Mexicans”. Significantly, the court did permit segregation of Mexican Americans on the basis of linguistic difficulties and migrant farming patterns. |
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Definition
| A Mexican American had been convicted of murder. He sought to reverse his conviction on ground that Mexican Americans had been excluded from the grand jury and the petit jury, relying on cases holding that exclusion of blacks from jury service violated due process and equal protection. Court recognized only two classes as falling within the Fourteenth Amendment. Black and White, made Mexican American White. He was convicted by members of his race - White. |
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Term
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Definition
The Supreme Court review, on the Hernandez case.
The court held that “ persons of Mexican descent” are cognizable group for equal protection purposes in areas where they were subject to local discrimination- but not otherwise.
It’s really hard and expensive for a plaintiff to obtain expert testimony to prove local prejudice. |
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Definition
The court refused to allow Mexican Americans to define themselves as a group. Plaintiffs sought to bring a class action on behalf of “ Mexican Americans”, in order to secure equal opportunity in education.
The court rejected the term “Mexican American” saying that it was too vague. |
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Term
Neil Foley
Creation of “Hispanic” and “non-Hispanic” categories |
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Definition
In 1980 the U.S. Bureau of the Census created two new ethnic categories of Whites:
“Hispanic” and “non-Hispanic”. The Hispanic category, an ethnic rather than racial label comprised of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans.. |
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Term
| De facto vs. de jure segregation & Mexican Americans |
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Definition
De facto : It’s a fact, ex. Minorities in private schools
De jure: Law |
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Term
| Mexican Americans: Before 1960 |
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Definition
Mexican Americans: Before 1960 in the Southwest was de facto
Began insisting on becoming White
Middle-class Mexican Americans did not object to the segregation of Black and White |
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Term
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Definition
| To foster the goals of Americanization in Texas and other states of the Southwest, restricting membership to U.S citizens and emphasizing English language skills and loyalty to the Constitution of the United States. |
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Term
| Middle-class Mexicans’ attitudes towards immigrants |
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Definition
| Told them to distance themselves from recently arrived Mexican Immigrants. |
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Term
David Gutierrez
Treatment of Mexican immigrants during times of financial crises |
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Definition
| Intense political and social pressures on the ethnic Mexican population of the United States, which continued even after hundreds of thousands of Mexican nationals and their children had returned to Mexico. They were the scape goat. |
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Term
Kevin Johnson
Linda Chavez – Out of the Barrio |
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Definition
| Chaves explores a “new theory” of assimilation that argues that Latinos, like previous waves of white “ethnic” immigrants, should assimilate, and in fact are doing so. |
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Term
Juan Perea
*Black/White binary paradigm of race (definition & examples) |
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Definition
| A paradigm is a shared set of understandings or premises which permits the definition, elaboration, & solution of a set of problems defined within the paradigm |
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Term
| *Black/White binary paradigm of race (definition & examples)2 |
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Definition
| The most pervasive & powerful paradigm of race in the U.S. is the Black/White binary; this paradigm is defined as the conception that race in American consists, either exclusively or primarily, of only two constituent racial groups, the Black and the White |
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Term
| *Black/White binary paradigm of race (definition & examples)3 |
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Definition
| The paradigm dictates that all other racial identities & groups in the U.S. are best understood through the Black/White binary paradigm |
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Term
| *Andrew Hacker’s book, Two Nations |
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Definition
A prime example of binary paradigm is race (only 2 races-black & white)
· By focusing only on Blacks & Whites, they both produce & replicate the belief that only “tow prominent players,” Black & White, count in debates about race
· Blackness serves a crucial function in enabling Whites to define themselves as privileged & superior, and racial attributes of other minorities do not serve this function |
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Term
*Mexico’s treatment of Indigenous people (before and after 1812—the year the “legal basis of
the ranking order [in Mexico] came to an end”; see pg. 351) |
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Definition
Mexico had given Indians the right to claim citizenship & full political rights
· Indigenous people where at the bottom
· Mexico no longer practiced a legally based racial caste system
· Indians and “half-breeds” were not considered citizen |
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Term
| *Race relations during the colonial period in Mexico (racial/ethnic stratification) |
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Definition
In 1812, the legal basis of the racial ranking order came to an end
· The racial caste system became nonfunctional for political & social purposes
· Spaniards enjoyed highest social prestige & were most extensive legal & economic privileges
· Mexico was at the bottom & the Spaniards at the top |
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Term
| *Treatment of Mexican Americans after U.S.-Mexico war (1846-48) |
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Definition
They had a racist view on Mexicans
· Mexicans were described as being more similar to native (indigenous) people
· Their physical features such as skin color mattered; lighter color, better rights |
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Term
| *Mexico vs. U.S. race/ethnic policies |
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Definition
| Mexico was more liberal in their racial & ethnic politics |
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Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
Mexicans were given the same rights as whites
· Article VIII stated that U.S. agreed to extend U.S. citizenship to all Mexican citizens, regardless of ancestry- automatic citizenship unless they indicate otherwise
· Article IX the U.S. agreed that Mexicans who chose to become U.S. citizens would have all attendant rights
· Those classified as Mexican/Indians were not entitled to exercise full political rights
· Skin color influenced whether they were treated by the legal system as white or non-white |
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Term
| *Segmented assimilation – facts about Mexican American second generation assimilation patterns |
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Definition
Some observers believe that signs of dissonant acculturation, low ambition, and the emergence of oppositional attitudes concentrate mainly among second- generation Mexicans
Mexican-American children are the only Latino group in the sample to lack a positive nationality effect on fluent bilingualism, and they have the lowest average self-esteem
Mexican-American children are the most likely to have shifted self-identities away from any American label and toward an unhyphenated national identity
They are the group most prone to racialize their national origin
· They have lower educational expectations
· Second-generation Mexican students are 10% less likely to believe that an advanced college degree is within their reach than other students
· Less likely to perform well in school; they fall behind in standardized test scores
· Disadvantage in grades |
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Term
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Definition
The unmarked label “American” in most cases means European-Americans
· Unhyphenated American label refers to those people in the U.S. who have the luxury of pretending they do not have a racial or ethnic status
· Ethnographic study of racial identities among high school students reveals that many whites see themselves as not having a racial status or identity
· The recognition of discrimination plays a fundamental role in determining not only one’s racial attitudes, but also one’s racial or ethnic identification
· How one becomes American or how one assimilates into American society depends in large part on one’s racial status
· Hispanics face discrimination in the U.S.
· Many people in the U.S. view Hispanics as poor, uneducated, unclean, illegal aliens & prone to teenage pregnancy; popular media have contributed to these perceptions
· Blacks & Asians have a more negative view of Latinos than they do of whites
· Those who experience discrimination are less likely to self-identify as American because this discrimination increases their awareness of their non-white status in the U.S.
· Hispanics who do experience discrimination are more likely to self-identify as Hispanic or Latino because experiences of discrimination teach Hispanics that they are labeled
· Latinos who are categorized as non-white are more likely to experience discrimination; They interpret this as discrimination are likely to reject the “American” label to identify themselves |
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