A profesor has been teaching a psychology class using the same material for over 10-years.

This represent a violation of the principal of competence

When transmitting client information via electronic transfer

Client personal identifiers need to be coded

The goal of the Ethic Code is

To protect people with whom psychologist work

To protect clients

When working in a military setting. A supervisor refers an employee to a psychologist then request information about the employee

The psychologist should not release information unless he gets a realease of information from the client  

When providing therapy to youth age 13+ when parents request information from the psychologist  

The psychologist do not share information with parents and tells parents that to preserve the effectiveness of treatment he/she prefers not to share the information

Psychologist consider minor's preferences  

Even though the parents are legally entitle 

A psychologist has a child in therapy. The court request the psychologist feedback for custody matters 

The psychologist need to decline and not testify due to already having a relationship with the client

A psychologist had a prior relationship with a client years ago. The client request psychological services to the psychologist

It is not acceptable for the psychologist to work with this client due to having a prior relationship with the client

A client files a complaint with APA against a psychologist. If APA request client file  

The psychologist supply APA the client records

A psychologist had sex with a client and tells you. You should 

You should further discuss with the psychologist to explore what curse of action he/she plans to take

The underline principal of the APA Ethical Guidelines  is that psychologist?

Protects human rights

APA Code of Ethics

Standards and the most important information to remember about these

Standard 1.04 Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations:

When psychologists believe that another psychologist has committed an ethical violation, they should attempt to resolve the issue informally by bringing it to the attention of that person if they believe that doing so is appropriate. Note that confidentiality always takes precedence, however - an informal resolution must "not violate any confidentiality rights that may be involved."

Standard 1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations:

If an ethical violation has harmed or is likely to harm a person or organization and is not appropriate for informal resolution, or is not resolved properly in that fashion, the psychologist takes "further action" (which may involve referral to an ethics committee or the state licensing board). Again, confidentiality always takes precedence.

Standard 2.01 Boundaries of Competence:

Psychologists should provide services within the "boundaries of their competence." However, psychologists often want to provide services in new areas or use new techniques. In these situations, they undertake "relevant education, training, supervised experience, consultation, or study." It's up to the psychologist to determine which action is most appropriate for the situation.

Standard 3.02 Sexual Harassment:

The Ethics Code prohibits sexual harassment, which it defines as sexual solicitation, advances, and so on that (1) are unwelcome, offensive, or create a hostile workplace or educational environment or (2) are sufficiently severe or intense to be considered abusive by a reasonable person. Note that psychologists are warned not to make hiring, promotion, or other decisions about someone simply because he/she has made or is the subject of a sexual harassment charge.

Standard 3.05 Multiple Relationships:

In most situations, psychologists avoid multiple (dual) relationships. This prohibition is not absolute, however; and a multiple relationship may be acceptable when a psychologist determines that it "would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm."

When psychologists are required to serve in more than one role in judicial or administrative proceedings, they clarify role expectations and the extent of confidentiality at the beginning of services and thereafter as changes occur.

Standard 4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality:

Unless it is not feasible or it is contraindicated, psychologists discuss the potential limits of confidentiality "at the outset of the relationship and thereafter as new circumstances may warrant."

Standard 4.05 Disclosures:

Psychologists disclose confidential information only (1) with the consent of the patient or client (or his/her legal representative) or (2) when they are required or mandated by law to do so. A psychologist is legally (and ethically) required to violate confidentiality, for instance, in cases of suspected or known child abuse or when the client represents a serious threat of physical danger to another person.

Standard 5.05 Testimonials:

Psychologists do not solicit testimonials from current therapy clients or patients or from others who are vulnerable to undue influence.

Standard 6.03 Withholding Records for Nonpayment:

The Ethics Code prohibits psychologists from withholding client records when they are needed for "emergency treatment" for a client simply because payment has not been received.

Standard 6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements:

Psychologists clarify fees with patients and clients "as early as is feasible."
It is acceptable to use a collection agency to collect outstanding fees as long as the person is informed ahead of time and given an opportunity to make acceptable arrangements for payment.

Standard 6.05 Barter (With Patients or Clients):

Standard 6.06 Accuracy in Reports to Payors and Funding Sources:

Psychologists must be accurate in their reports to insurance companies, funding agencies and other payors about fees, the nature of their services, and so on. For instance, concerns about insurance coverage should not influence what diagnosis is listed on a client's insurance form.

Standard 6.07 Referrals and Fees:

Referral fees are acceptable under certain circumstances - that is, if they are based on the services (clinical, consultative, administrative, or other) provided and not on the referral itself. In other words, if you charge a colleague for client referrals, the fee must reflect what it actually cost you to make the referrals.

Standard 7.07 Sexual Relationships with Students and Supervisees:

Psychologists do not engage in sexual relations with students or supervisees in their department, agency, or training center, or over whom they have evaluative authority. This means that, in some cases, it may be acceptable to become involved with a student or supervisee - for example, when the person is a student in another department or is a former supervisee.

Standard 8.07 Deception in Research:

Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless its use is justified by the study's significant scientific, educational, or applied value, and when equally effective alternative procedures that do not require deception are unavailable. When subjects are deceived about some aspect of a study, they must be debriefed "as early as is feasible."

Standard 8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research:

When using animal subjects in research, procedures that cause pain or stress can be used only when their use is justified by the prospective value of the research and alternative procedures are unavailable. When an animal's life must be terminated, it must be done quickly and in a way that minimizes pain.

Standard 8.12 Publication Credit:

Publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions (not the status) of the people involved.

Standard 9.04 Release of Test Data:

When patients or clients provide a release, psychologists must release test data (including raw test results) to them or their designees. However, this request may be denied if it is necessary to protect them from "substantial harm or misuse or misrepresentation of the data or the test."

Standard 10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy:

Standard 10.05 Sexual Intimacies with Current Clients or Patients:

Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current clients or patients. This is an absolute prohibition - no exceptions.

Standard 10.08 Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients or Patients:

Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with a former therapy client or patient for at least two years after cessation of therapy. The two-year exception applies only when there is no exploitation and the psychologist has considered all relevant factors (e.g., the amount of time that has passed since therapy was terminated, the client's past history, the likelihood of adverse consequences for the client or others).

Standard 10.10 Terminating Therapy:

Psychologists should terminate therapy when it becomes clear that the client no longer needs the service, is not benefiting, or is being harmed. However, to ensure that termination does not constitute abandonment of a client, psychologists must take appropriate action, which may involve providing pre-termination counseling and/or making referrals.

The Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluation in Divorce Proceedings

The Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluation in Divorce Proceedings states that psychologists ordinarily avoid multiple relationships. For example, they should not accept an evaluative role in a custody case where they have already established a therapeutic relationship with the child and/or the child's parents.

The Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists

The Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists states that a forensic psychologist must not use the results of an evaluation for any other purpose than that originally discussed with the client unless a waiver is obtained from the client or his/her legal representative. The Guidelines also state that, unless stipulated by the parties, forensic psychologists do not reveal statements made by a defendant during the course of an evaluation of his/her mental condition that are not relevant to that evaluation.

Surveys about clinicians stress  

Surveys have found that clinicians report that, overall, the greatest source of stress in their work is a "lack of therapeutic success," while "suicidal statements" are the most stressful client behavior.

Surveys about psychologist ethical behavior

Another survey of psychologists found that those who reported having sexual relationships with clients were also more likely to report having been involved in nonsexual dual relationships with clients. In addition, offenders rated nonsexual dual relationships less negatively than non offenders did. However, contrary to what might be expected, offenders were no more likely than non offenders to report having had a sexual relationship with a therapist, supervisor, or instructor during their training.

Fact witness

A fact witness is like any other citizen and provides information on facts (e.g., what he/she did or observed). If asked to give an opinion during a deposition or court proceeding, a fact witness should decline unless ordered to do so by the court. An expert witness is a person who, because of his/her education or experience, is qualified to offer an objective opinion.

Buckley Amendment (also known as FERPA, or the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act)

Applies to school records in school districts receiving federal funds. It establishes the right of parents to inspect the school records of their children and the right of students who have reached the age of majority to inspect their own school records. It also prohibits disclosure of school records to unauthorized people without parental consent.

Methods of Cost Analysis 

Cost benefit analysis (CBA) involves determining the costs and benefits of a particular intervention in monetary terms and then comparing the total costs with the total benefits. This method of cost analysis is often used to compare different intervention options for a particular disorder.

Cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) is used to determine the costs and mental health outcomes of two or more interventions in order to identify the intervention that is most effective (i.e., that produces the greatest benefits for the least cost). CEA is useful when it is not possible to assign a monetary value to an intervention’s outcomes.

Cost minimization analysis (CMA) is used to determine the least costly option among several options that produces equivalent outcomes. CMA might be used, for example, to determine if paraprofessionals can provide services that are comparable to those provided by professionals at a lower cost.

Cost utility analysis (CUA) involves attributing a monetary value to various quality-of-life or other relevant client outcome measures in order to evaluate the impact of one or more interventions.