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The systematic study of moral choices; concerned with the values that lie behind moral choices and the language used to describe moral choices
-set of principles of right and wrong |
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| Similar to ethics; being moral or ethical means living in a manner consistent with what is right and good |
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what is right and good conduct and character in the context of an individual's personal life
"Moral" - latin; social rules |
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What is right and good conduct and character in the context of a individuals professional life or organization they belong (could be society)
Ethic- Greek, moral character |
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| Ethics is what you ought to do when law is silent and LAW is what you must and must not do |
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| 4-Step Problem Solving Process |
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1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop alternative courses of action
3. Select one course of action
4. Consider objections to your selected course of action |
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| Basic rul or standard that guides thought or action, generally accepted as true |
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| Uncertainty of an event occurring that could have an impact on the achievement of objectives; measured in terms of probability and consequences |
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| Ethics that pertain to life sciences |
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Action done for the benefit of others; actions taken to help prevent or remove harms or simply to improve the situation
-also defending rights of others, secuing person in danger and helping individuals with disabilities |
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‐ Extreme acts of generosity or attempts to benefit
others on all possible occasions
‐ Most health care providers are not expected to live up to these expectations. |
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1.Prevent and remove harms
2. Weigh and balance possible benefits agains possible risks of an action
-standard that most health care providers abide by |
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-"do no harm"
"Health care professionals must refrain from providing ineffective treatments or acting with malice toward patients" |
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| A relationship in which one person acts as a father figure and another as a child (traditional medicine assumes physician a father figure and patient as child) |
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Principle based theory of ethical decision making that focuses on the ENDS or consequences of decisions
-"Professional as an expert" |
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| Consequentialism Strengths |
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- Doing good is consistent with broad social values
- Reflects the main mission of the health
professional
- Is the key expectation of patients |
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| Consequentialism Limitations |
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- Identifying the problem, risks & benefits
- Difficult to define “good”
- Difficult to determine who is the receiver of the
benefits/risks |
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| Principle based approach that is directed toward processes (means) rahter than the outcomes (ends)of decision making |
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| The freedom to make ones own choices (self-dtermination) |
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| sometimes reffered as integrity, believed to be the most fundamental principle guiding actions of a health professional |
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| Not being honest or by presenting information that misleads denies the patient his/her right to participate in his/her care decisions |
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| A formal written consent that patients give to health care professionals allowing them to conduct tests or procedures on patients with their complete understanding and agreement |
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| How resources are distributed; concerned with the equity or fairness of the benefits and harms; non-consequentialist (looks at the process)O |
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| concerned with fair methods of making decisions and settling disputes |
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| Concerned with fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of society |
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| Concerned with correcting wrongs and harms through compensation or retribution |
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| Individual (level 1); Institutional or Organizational (level 2); and societal ethics (level 3) |
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| The good and goodness of individuals; balance and right relationships of spirtual, mental, physical, emotiona aspects of single individuals |
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| Institutional or organizational ethics |
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Deals with the overall and long-term good and goodness of institutions so that the organization can accomplish it’s mission while attending to the rights and duties of the individuals who make up the larger society in which the institution exists.
(Institutions- family, agency, organization) |
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Deals with the overall and long-term good and goodness of a society
-society: city, state, or country |
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| Individual interactions between health professionals and their patients |
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| Interactions between an agency or institution and a community or population |
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| ethical issues affecting the world, actions taken by citizens and polictal leaders of nations, international law |
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| World Health Organization produced list, updated every 2 years, that contains the most efficacious, safe and cost effective medicines for priority conditions |
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| Possession of a body of special knowledge including trades, sports, and learned professionals |
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| Possession of a body of special knowledge believed to require advanced learning and high principles including medicine, theology, law military and academic occupations |
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| Characterized by or by conforming to the technical and ethical standards of a professional (can be a professional and not exhibit professionalism) |
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| a character trait that is valued as a human quality; traits that are viewed as praiseworthy or good behavior, habits, qualities that are deeply entrenched or engrained that allow us to succeed for our purpose |
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| Totality of character traits; complex of attributes that determine a person's morals, ethical actions and reactions |
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| Virtues for health care professionals |
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| fidelity to trust, benevolence, intellectual honesty, courage, compassion, truthfulness, practical wisdom, integrity |
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Alternative to princible based approaces; the roots of the tradition lie in the work of plato and aristotle- concentrates on moral agent and the kind of person he/she ought to be rather than on the acts themselves, the cicumstances or the consequences
->primary focus is the person is expressing good character over the intention is right following the correct rule whether the consequences are good |
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| Consistently sticking to your own beliefs and values of what is right and wrong; oftern equated with honesty and truthfulness |
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Refers to the integrity in one’s Personal life and one’s personal
relationships.
Example: The integrity you have with your parents |
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Refers to your integrity as a member of a particular society, culture
or community in a particular time with a history
Examples: Integrity which influences the community. Always paying for gas at gas stations. or accurately filing your income tax |
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| Occupational integrity (individual) |
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Refers to your individual integrity as a working professional including your formal training which practitioners individually choose for guiding their professional study and practice
Example: Academic honesty or Providing professional services for those who cannot pay. |
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| Occupational integrity (collective) |
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Refers to the one’s integrity as a member of one or more occupationally related collective groups such as a pharmacy practice, hospital department or national association.
Example: As a member of APhA You may disagree on some of the principles the collective group supports. In order for collective integrity to be justified conflict must be identified and resolved.
Example: As a member of APhA You may disagree on some of the principles the collective group supports. In order for collective integrity to be justified conflict must be identified and resolved. |
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Globally encompasses individual ,political, Occupational
(individual and collective) integrity.
Consistent integrity across all contexts roles in life |
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‐Lack of skill or knowledge
‐ Often forgivable if you did not realize what you did
not know
Example: Pharmacy technician who fills an extended release
formulation rather than immediate release |
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‐ Made the wrong judgment
‐ Often forgivable if you can defend your answer
‐ Example: You didn’t think it was necessary to tell a patient of a rare side effect |
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Error that is not within the standards of your profession
‐ Treated the most harshly
‐ Robert Draper: The Toxic Pharmacist, Eric Cropp
‐ Not consulting |
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| willingness to engage the world as required by one's values |
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| strength in withstanding challenges to one's values |
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| Attitude can be defined “as an enduring, learndt predisposition to behave or in a consistent way towards a given class of objects or people, or a persistent mental state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects or people, NOT AS THEY ARE BUT AS THEY ARE PERCEIVED TO BE |
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| treat patients with kindness and respect |
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| refers to a deep awareness of a suffering of another coulped with the wish to relieve it; felt beyond intellectual appreciation |
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| Inner sense of what is right or wrong in one's conduct or motives, impelling one toward righ action |
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| Ability of an individual or group to stop information about themselves from becoming known to people other than those to whom they choose to give the information |
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| Ethical principle of handling of information between relationships; treatment of information that an individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust and with the expectation such that it will not be divulged to others in ways that without presmission |
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| when people exist in special relationships with others they take on special duties that they do not have with other people (patients, parents, spouses) |
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| The principle underlying the idea that one has a duty to keep a commitment once it is made is called the principle of fidelity |
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