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(Originates from the Greek word Ethos, meaning character)The study of morality. |
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Three working definitions of Philosophy |
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(1) The science of truth. -Paraphrase: Philosophy is the methodical activity of uncovering and stating the way things really are. (2) The science that studies the first principles and highest causes of all things. -First Principles: Source, foundation, beginning, that without which everything that follows could not be. (3) Thinking for yourself about basic questions - about life, knowledge, reality, religion, and what to do with yourself. |
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(1) Being: Metaphysics - The study of the nature of reality (2) Thinking: Epistemology - The study of knowledge. (3) Doing: Ethics - The study of what is right or wrong and good and bad in human behavior. |
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Five Main Studies of Philosophy |
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(1) Epistemology (2) Metaphysics (3) Ethics (4) Aesthetics (5) Logic |
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Theoretical Philosophy (Contemplative) |
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It just wants to know for the sake of knowledge; The mind sees and contemplates only. |
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Reason considers and makes an order in reason itself; It is the the art of thinking rationally |
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The art of living rationally. |
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Having no moral sense; Being indifferent from right and wrong. |
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Outside the sphere of morality altogether. |
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Scientific/Descriptive Approach of Morality |
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-This approach is most often used in the social sciences, like ethics, which deals with human behavior. -Empirical -Descriptive b/c it involves the observation of human behavior. -Observers don't make value judgments. -Scientists make descriptive(non-evaluative) claims. -They state facts or alleged facts. -Ex: Half of marriages end up in divorce. |
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Philosophical Approach to Ethics (Normative/Prescriptive Ethics) |
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-Deals with norms and prescription (the way you should behave). -Make valued judgments (proving whether it's right or wrong). -Gives reason to support their prescriptive claims - why they are right and true. |
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Metaethics/Analytic Ethics |
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It analyzes ethical language and the rational foundations of ethical systems. |
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To Whom Does Morality Apply To? |
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-Morality applies to moral agents: (1) Someone capable of altering her/his behavior to conform to moral requirements. (2) Ability to understand and form beliefs about moral requirements. (3) Requires "free will". |
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Four Aspects of the Application of Morality |
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(1) Religious Morality (2) Morality and Nature (3) Individual Morality (4) Social Morality |
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Concerned with human beings in relationship to a supernatural being. |
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Concerned with human beings in relationships to nature. |
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Concerned with human beings in relationship with themselves. |
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Concerned with human beings in relationship with other human beings. |
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Objective View of Morality |
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-Values come from supernatural being and beings. -There are moral laws embedded in nature itself "Natural Law Theory". -The world and objects in it have value with or without the presence of valuing human beings. |
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Subjective View of Morality |
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Some believe that morality and values reside strictly within human beings and that there are no values or morality outside of them. |
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Criticism of Objective View of Morality |
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-It is difficult to prove conclusively that existence of any supernatural being(s) or to prove that values exist outside the natural world. -It is impossible to think of things of value without someone valuing them. |
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Criticism of Subjective View of Morality |
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There are things in the world that are valuable even if there isn't anyone to value them. |
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Synthesized View (Both Objective and Subjective) |
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Values are determined by variables: (1)The first variable is the thing of value, or the valued. (2)A conscious being who values or the valuer. (3)The context/situation in which valuing takes place. |
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Based on customs or tradition (the first type of morality we experience, such as in our childhood with religion). |
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The careful examination and critical evaluation of all moral issues whether or not they are based. |
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-Are not the same thing: (1)What is moral need not be legal. (2)What is legal need not be moral. -Morality is almost always precedes law, giving the reason of it. -Law of sanctions morality, putting it into an enforceable code. -Therefore law is a public expression of social morality and also is its sanction. |
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-Religion has given the reason to behave morally. -To prove that one must be religious to be moral requires providing a supernatural existence. -Non-religious people can be moral, so there is no connection between morality and religion. -Rationally founding a religion is difficult. |
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