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| study of ideal human behavior and ideal ways of being |
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| ethics in its negative form when a person's character or behavior is contrary to admirable traits or code of conduct endorsed by one's society, community, or profession |
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| specific beliefs, behaviors, and ways of being derived from doing ethics |
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| a person's behavior is in opposition to accepted societal, religious, cultural, or professional ethical standards and practices |
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| actions normally judged as immoral but the actions are done with a lack of concern for good behavior or outcomes |
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| used if moral standards essentially do not apply to the acts |
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| attempt to decide or prescribe values, behaviors, and ways of being that are right or wrong, good or bad, and admirable or deplorable |
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| normative beliefs and behaviors that members of society generally agree about and that are familiar to most human beings |
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| concerned with understanding the language of morality through an analysis of the meaning of ethically related concepts and theories, such as the meaning of good, happiness, and virtuous character |
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| approach used when researchers or ethicists want to describe what people think about morality or when they want to describe how people actually behave |
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| belief that it is acceptable for ethics and morality to differ among persons and societies |
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| individuals create their own morality and there are no objective moral truths-only individual opinions |
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| principle that an individual person's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture |
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| belief that universal or objective moral principles exist |
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| something of worth and highly regarded |
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| use of abstract thought processes to think creatively, answer questions, solve problems, and formulate strategies for one's actions and desired ways of being |
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-moral reasoning and critical thinking
-developed Socratic questioning |
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-Socrates' student
-believed the soul had three parts: faculty of reason, spirit, and appetite
-World of Forms and World of Appearances |
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-Plato's student
-empirical inquiry
-all things have a purpose or end goal |
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| believed that one has a duty to love God and moral reasoning should direct that |
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| believed that people have desirable end goals and developing virtues leads humans to happiness and good moral reasoning |
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| -some believed that humans could be perfected and that all knowledge would be discovered |
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| movement that rejects the optimistic view that science and reason will improve humanity |
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| associated with feminine way of thinking |
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| associated with a masculine, Enlightenment-era way of thinking |
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| emphasizes excellence of one's character and considerations of what rot of person one wants to be |
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| behavior showing high moral standards |
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cardinal values:
1) prudence (wisdom)
2) fortitude (courage)
3) temperance (moderation)
4) justice |
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| Hume's philosophy on ethics |
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| based on emotion as primary human motivator for admirable behavior rather than motivation by reason |
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| rightness actions is self-evident because morality is inherently implanted in the order of nature and not revealed through customs and preferences |
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| each rational being is ethically bound to act only from a sense of duty and the consequences of one's actions are irrelevant |
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| optional duties or rules people should follow |
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| absolute and unconditional duties |
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| do consider consequences unlike deontologists |
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-actions are evaluated according to the usefulness of their consequences
-achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
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-people make decisions inductively based on individual cases
-used today in healthcare |
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| emphasizes the importance of traditionally feminist traits such as love, compassion, sympathy, and concern about human well-being |
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| rule-based criteria for conduct that naturally flow from the identification from obligations and duties |
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| something is accepted as correct until it is shown otherwise |
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| karma, reincarnation, cosmic unity |
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compassion (karuna)
loving-kindness (metta)
sympathetic (mudita)
equanimity (upekkha) |
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| yin (dark) and yang (light) |
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| social goals, the good of the socity, and importance of human relationships are values |
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| focused on moral issues in the field of healthcare |
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-four (cards later)
-guidelines that can be used to make justified moral decisions |
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| freedom and ability to act in a self-determined manner |
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| Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) |
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| the first federal statuate designed to facilitate a patient's autonomy through the knowledge and use of advanced directives |
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| principle used to communicate the obligation to do no harm |
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| situation that seems morally acceptable at first but later could hypothetically slip toward a morally unacceptable situation |
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| performing deeds of "mercy, kindness, and charity" |
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| deliberate overriding of patient's opportunity to exercise autonomy because of perceived obligation of benefience |
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| fairness, treating people equally and without predjudice |
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| fair allocation of resources |
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| the position that all people in a society should have the same rights, benefits, and opportunities |
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| Four Topics Method Approach to Ethical Decision Making |
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| cases analyzed according to four topics: medical indications, patient preferences, quality of life, and contextual features |
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| American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses |
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| nine nonnegotiable provisions for ethical decision making in clinical practice, education, research, administration, and self-development |
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| ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses |
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| framework to guide nursing conduct in practice, education, research, and leadership |
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| quality and wholeness of character consisting of honesty, truthfulness, and truthtelling |
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| Three characteristics of advocacy |
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1) safeguarding patient's autonomy
2) acting on behalf of patients
3) championing social justice in the provision of health care |
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| laws passed by each state legislature and Congress |
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| composite of rules and rulings made by administrative agencies that have been granted authority by statue to act in this manner |
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| once an issue has been decided, all other cases concerning the same issue should be decided the same way |
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| more serious and have heavier fines and more severe punishments |
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plaintiff: victim
defendant: individual company accused of causing harm |
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| NURSYS (Nurse and System) |
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| a electronic information system that includes the collections and warehousing of nurse licensing information and disciplinary |
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| civil wrongs that are done to individuals or groups |
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| wrongs that have occurred as the result of an accident or because one failed to do something he or she was required to do by the standard of care |
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| acts done deliberately by defendant and that occur in the heat of the moment are also considered intentional |
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-most common unintentional tort
-when an ordinary person fails to act as a reasonable, prudent person should and harm occurs |
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-when a professional person causes harm by failing to meet standards of care of a member of the particular profession
-most common by nurses |
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| for physicians and health care professionals render emergency first-aid treatment to accident victims without liability for negligence |
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| written or verbal evidence given by qualified expert in and area |
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| Res ispa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself) |
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-no expert witness is needed
- the plaintiff must show injury, instrumental in cause, incident was not voluntary on the part of plaintiff |
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| Proof of Standards of Practice |
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-expert witness
-documentary evidence
-know policies and procedures of place of employment |
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| employer is responsible for the actions of the employee |
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| Imaginative dramatic rehearsal |
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| a person can imagine one's own death by reconstructing the ideal death scenario |
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| perceived undesirable inner experience that could threaten the whole existence of being, yet it is a necessary element of life |
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| intentional and purposeful act of causing the immediate death of another person |
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| intentional withholding or withdrawing of medical treatments or life-sustaining treatments |
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when patients with decision-making capacity authorize physicians to take their lives
"physician-assisted suicide" |
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| when persons are not able to express consent to end their lives and are unaware that they are going to be euthanized |
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| when a persons' consent may be possible but it is not sought, and a physician could euthanize someone without express consent |
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| cardiopulmonary, whole-brain or permanent brain failure, higher-brain death |
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| proxy; a person who acts on behalf of a patient and is either chosen by them or court appointed |
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| Substituted judgement standard |
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| used to guide medical decisions for formerly competent patients who no longer have any decision-making capacity |
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| based on a decision that was made by an autonomous patient while competent but later drifts to incompetency |
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-the unacceptably low chance of achieving a therapeutic benefit for the patient
-when the provider cannot find hope that the treatment will benefit the terminally ill person |
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| based on an individual's reasoning that an act causing good and evil is permitted when the act meets the certain conditions |
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| used only in last stages of life when medications, nutrition, and hydration do not prolong life |
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| Physician-Assisted Suicide: which states is it legal? |
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| legal in only Oregon, Washington, Montana, and Vermont |
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| Physician-Assisted Suicide: three conditions that apply |
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1) nurse must know the person intends to end their life
2) the nurse must make the means to commit suicide available to the person
3) the person must then end their life |
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| a formal duty to another or others imposed by loyalty, commitment, and organizational structure |
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"risk management programs"
-designed to prevent unlawful conduct and to promote conformity with externally imposed regulations and provide a second component of background for organizational ethics |
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| organizations members shared perceptions of their values related to how ethical decisions are made on the issues of power, trust, and human interactions |
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| Five dimensions of ethical climate |
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caring
law and code
rules
instrumental
independence |
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| Jenning's Seven Signs of Organizational Ethical Collapse |
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1) pressure to maintain members
2) fear and silence
3) "young uns and a bigger than life CEO"
4) weak board
5) conflicts
6) innovation like no other
7) goodness in some areas atones for evil in others |
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| a leader clarifies, reflects on, and makes sense of practices and embodies a leadership theory |
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servant
transformational
authentic |
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| Three ways leaders can use power to promote success |
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1) collaboration
2) quality
3) leader succession planning |
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