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| Last emperor of Russia, ruled from 1894-1917. Abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917. He and his family were then murdered by the Bolsheviks |
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| Bruzilov is the Commander of the Russian army in the South. Because of new tactics it is a resounding Russian victory. The Austrians lost 300,000 men in this attack. They poured south to take advantage of the success but then so did the Germans and the Germans moved faster. The offensive died out in November and the Russians suffered a million casulaties. Note this is about 5 months from the Russian revolution. |
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| The Treaty of Brest-Livosk |
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| was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I. the treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year, it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks, who were tied up in fighting the Russian Civil War, |
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| He was the leader of the Polish Socialist Party, this is the non-anti-Semitic party. He was also from Russian Poland but was arrested for his socialist beliefs. He became famous as the anti-Russian Pole. When the Germans set up the Polish regency he was set up as the Minister of War. However when it became evident that Germany was not going to support an independent Poland he resigned in June of 1917 and was arrested. |
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| The Hungarian dictator of the proletariat1886-1936 Ex-POW who fought with the Red Army. Had been a socialist before the war. The army officers (Hungarian) went to the Romanians and asked for help to overthrow Bela. Romania invades w/ French back up. He fled to Vienna Aug 1919 |
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| Austrian priest and politician who was Chancellor in the 1920s. Restored the Austrian currency with the Austrian shilling |
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| advocate of Czechoslovakian independence during WWI and became the founder and president of Czechoslovakia in 1918 |
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| also known as the Molotov-Ribbenitrop Pact after the two foreign ministers. Signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939. It was a non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. |
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| German Field Marshal, commanded the 6th Army's assault on Stalingrad in 1942. Battle was a disaster for the German Army. Repeatedly asked Hitler to surrender, Hitler said no, finally promoted him to Field Marshal because no FM had ever surrendered. He surrendered the next day Jan 31 1943. Turning point in the war. |
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| was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance Home Army, to liberate Warsaw from Nazi Germany, ahead of the Red Army's advance. German Victory, Warsaw destroyed |
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| Could the Western Allies have prevented the Soviets from occupying Eastern Europe? |
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| In 1943 Churchill proposed to invade Europe at the head of the Adriatic sea. By going this way into Germany we could avoid the Normandy invasion that he was always against. The US military was 100% opposed to it because of the Alps. US was absolutely committed to Normandy and they would not be diverted even though the British were against it. Churchill was against it because of Gallipoli in 1915. Basically said it is almost impossible to have an amphibious landing succeed. |
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| Could the Western Allies have reached Berlin before the Soviets? |
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November 1943 FDR recommended American occupation of northern Germany, including Berlin
Actually more concerned about British than Soviet occupation of Berlin
At Yalta the partition of Germany had been decided, so American troops would have to withdraw anyway
Eisenhower believed 100,000 would be killed in an assault on Berlin and believed it would be better if they were Russian lives. Steven Ambrose argues that our policy was brilliant: Get the Soviets to give us 2/3rds of Berlin and to suffer 300,000 casualties taking it by themselves |
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| It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow. Moscow was one of the primary military and political objectives for Axis forces in their invasion of the Soviet Union. Decisive Soviet victory. |
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| 1896-1974 Marshal of the Soviet Union. was a Russian career officer in the Red Army who, in the course of World War II, played a pivotal role in leading the Red Army through much of Eastern Europe to liberate the Soviet Union and other nations from the Axis Powers' occupation and conquer Germany's capital, Berlin. He is the most decorated general in the history of the Russian Empire, Russian Federation, and the Soviet Union. |
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| 28 June 1942 until November 1942. Objective was the Caucasus. Cut off Soviet oil and use it for Germany. Includes the battle of Stalingrad. Strategic failure for Germany. |
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| was a Russian lieutenant general in the Red Army during World War II, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), who after the war became a Marshal of the Soviet Union. was placed in command of the 64th Army, on the West bank of the Don river. The 64th Army took part in the fighting withdrawal to Stalingrad, and shortly before the Battle of Stalingrad itself began, Chuikov was made commanding general of the more important 62nd Army, which was to hold Stalingrad itself, with the 64th on its Southern flank. |
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| 1887-1973 German Field Marshal. He commanded the failed relief effort at Stalingrad and the Cherkassy pocket evacuation. He was dismissed from service by Adolf Hitler in March 1944, due to his frequent clashes with Hitler over military strategy. |
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| Hitler asked Goering if the air force could supply the German forces that were in this circle. Goering was told they could supply half that so he lied and assured Hitler that the Luftwaffe could supply the pocket until relief arrived |
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| ethnic Germans from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bukovina, Bessarabia |
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| Archangel to Astrakhan. Everything East of that would be New Germany |
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| August 1941-Churchill and FDR met on a battle ship to talk about war aims but check out the date. We aren’t in the war yet. This shows that FDR sure wants to be.Nations could choose their own form of government. Sovereign rights and self-government should be restored. Eastern European countries should be restored as independent, democratic societies |
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| Eden the foreign secretary of England and Churchill’s right hand man. In December 1941 went to Moscow to discuss issues with the Soviets and Molotov and Stalin told Eden this: the deal we made with the Nazis for the division of EE holds for us, not for the Nazis but for us. We keep all of it. We will not restore those states, they will be part of the Soviet Union. We will also have a military base on the Western side of the Carpathian mountains. They make it very clear to the British, we are not going to restore Poland. You can push the western line into Germany go for it but the Eastern line stays as we made it. |
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| Churchill signed it with Stalin, that is an agreement that divides the Balkans. It was written on a napkins. Britain gets Greece. |
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| The Polish question. What kind of gov't should post war Poland have and what should be its boundaries?This is where the cold war starts. Some people argue that the Polish question starts the cold war others argue that the cold war would happen no matter what and if it wasn’t Poland it would be something else. |
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| April 1943 the Nazis announced they had discovered 15000 graves of Polish army officers and that these people had been slaughtered by the soviets. Stalin denied it and said it had been the Nazis. So the Polish Government in Exile made the red cross investigate to find out who had done it. Stalin viewed that as an insult. (of course it had been the Soviets that had done it) So he ended relations with the Polish GIE and began to set up another government in Moscow called the Lublin Committee that was made up of Polish Communists. |
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| 1901-1966- Head of the Polish Government in Exile resigns in November 1944 over the issue of the Curzon line |
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| Feb. 1945-was the wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. This is where people say that Roosevelt gave Eastern Europe to the Soviets |
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| was a policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. |
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| was the large-scale economic American program of cash grants to Europe (with no repayment), 1947–1951. The goal of the United States was rebuilding a war-devastated region, removing trade barriers, modernizing industry, and making Europe prosperous again so that they could resist Communism and the USSR |
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| July 1948-May 1949 Western Allies response to the Berlin Blockade to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin |
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| Federal Republic of Germany |
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| German Democratic Republic |
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| 1955-The treaty was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states in Eastern Europe. It was established at the USSR’s initiative and realized on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw. |
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| is an adaptation of socialist ideology named after Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, primarily used to describe the specific socialist system built in Yugoslavia after its refusal of the 1948 Resolution of the Cominform, when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia refused to take further dictates from the Soviet Union. It was the new crime and anyone could be accused of Titoism |
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| Wladislaw Gomulka (1905-1982) in Poland and Imre Nagy (1896-1958) in Hungary, both put under house arrest |
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| was a Hungarian Communist; politician, former Minister of Interior and former Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was an important organizer of the Hungarian communist's power; but he eventually fell victim to Rákosi's show trials, probably, apart from the Communist parties' endemic power struggles, because he was a homegrown Communist, as opposed to the Stalin-backed Rákosi. |
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| was a Czech Communist politician. Holding the post of the party's General Secretary after World War II, he was one of the leading creators and organizers of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. After the dictator of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito, broke away from the domination of the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin undertook to prevent more defections from among the Soviet Union's Central European[1] "satellite" countries. To this end, he instigated a wave of "purges" of their respective Communist Party leaderships.[2] In Czechoslavkia, Slánský was one of 14 leaders arrested in 1951 and put on show trial en masse in November 1952, charged with high treason. After eight days, 11 of the 14 were sentenced to death. Slánský's sentence was carried out five days later. |
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| Political Stalinism: Organization |
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Party committees established everywhere
Communist organizations everywhere
Social Realism in art and literature
Political police |
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| Central Planning (Soviet) |
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Emphasis on heavy industry
Was the Achilles Heel of the Communist system
Bogged down in red tape, false information, corruption
Too big and too complex |
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| Led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War (53-64) Was the first to say that Stalinist Communism wasn't working. If it was a workers paradise people would want to be there. |
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| was a report, critical of Joseph Stalin, made to the Twentieth Party Congress on February 25, 1956 by Soviet leader Nikita KhrushchevCondemned Stalin’s rule as creating a cult of personality. Condemned Stalin’s killings. Condemned Stalin’s policies which, Khrushchev declared, made the USSR vulnerable to the Nazi invasion |
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| an old communist elected by the Polish Communist Party to be its head in Oct 1956. |
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| The black Madonna. Under siege, prayed to Black Madonna and she wept and then went out and defeated the Sweds. So this is a great pilgrimage sight in Poland |
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| End to Collectivization. More personal freedom for Poles. Flexible industrial policy. No intention of allowing other political parties to form. No intention of withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact. October 21 Khrushchev approved Gomulka as head of the Polish Communist Party |
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| (7 June 1896 – 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later. |
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| - the effort to make central asia far more productive. |
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| was a series of impromptu exchanges (through interpreters) between then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow on July 24, 1959. For the exhibition, an entire house was built that the American exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford. It was filled with labor-saving and recreational devices meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist American consumer market. |
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| was a Russian and Soviet novelist and historian. Notably freed by Khrushchev in 1962 |
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| was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. However, in practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post–World War II period. |
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| the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) with the ability to strike most of the continental United States. |
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| the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) with the ability to strike most of the continental United States. |
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| succeeded Khrushchev as head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. During Brezhnev's rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet military during this time, but his tenure as leader has often been criticised for marking the beginning of a period of economic stagnation, overlooking serious economic problems which eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. |
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| Soviet economist. He proposed implanting new methods of planning based on the principles of new democratic centralism. His dissertation took form in "Plan, benefit and prisms" published in Pravda (1962). This became a basis for the Soviet reforms of 1965. |
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| Reaction to Liberman Reforms |
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Resistance, especially from factory managers
Had become factory managers because they were good Communists, not effective administrators
Did not want responsibility for the profitability of their operations
Could blame everything on central planning |
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Head of Czechoslovak Communist Party from 53-68.1966 “New Economic Model” based on Liberman reforms
December 1967 alliance of intellectuals, new economists, and Slovaks made it clear that Novotny had to go
December 1967 Brezhnev told the Czechoslovak communists to do as they wished |
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| Brief leader of Czechoslovakia, tried to reform communism. Slovak. Conceived in Chicago. Born in the house of the 19th-century Slovak linguist, Ljudivet Stur. 1925 Family left Czechoslovakia for Kirgizia. 1933 Family returned to Czechoslovakia. Despite his family’s superlative Communist credentials, he rose to power by being inconspicuous.was expelled from the Party in 1969 and became a forestry official, but he could not talk to any non-family members without permission. Became speak of the Czech Parliament on December 28, 1989. Died from injuries sustained in a car crash in 1992. |
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Prague, 1968
Freedom of expression and assembly
Right to travel abroad
Protection of personal and private property
Rehabilitation of all those wronged in 1948
State agencies would not be shown preference in court cases
New Economic Model would be basis of Czechoslovakia’s economy
Did not allow creation of other political parties
Did not call for Czechoslovakia’s withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact |
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| (30 June 1893 – 1 August 1973) was a East German communist politician. |
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| was a Romanian politician and Leader who was the Secretary General of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, President of the Council of State from 1967, and President of Romania from 1974 to 1989. praised the Czechs and welcomed Dubcek as a reform Communist |
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| January 16, 1969 a student, immolated himself on Wenceslaus Square in Prague in resistance to the Soviet Invasion. |
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| (3 August 1901 - 28 May 1981) was a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the bishop of Lublin from 1946 to 1948, archbishop of Warsaw and archbishop of Gniezno from 1948 to 1981. Appointed cardinal on 12 January 1953 by Pope Pius XII, he assumed the title of Primate of Poland. Stefan Wyszyński was often called the Primate of the Millennium. |
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| succeeded Gomulka in 1970 as head of the Communist Party in Poland. He rolled back Gomulka's price increases. wanted to use Détente to get Western loans (could not seek foreign investment because that would be capitalism) |
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| is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in reference to the general easing of relations between the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1970s, a thawing at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War. |
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| director of TV and radio in Poland, was the most egregious example in corruption and the communist party giving up |
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| was a Slovak politician, president of Czechoslovakia and a long-term Communist leader of Czechoslovakia and of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1969-1987). His rule is known as the period of Normalization after the Prague Spring. |
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| was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1,1975. Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. |
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| was a petition drawn up by a few Czechoslovakian writers and intellectuals including Vaclav Havel. It demanded that the Communist government of Czechoslovakia recognize some basic human rights. |
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| is a Czech playwright, essayist, poet, dissident and politician. He was the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92) and the first President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003). |
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| was the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, presiding over the country from 1956 until his forced retirement in 1988. His thirty-two year term as General Secretary makes Kádár the longest ruler of the People's Republic of Hungary. |
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| New Economic Mechanism (Goulash Communism) |
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| in Hungary introduced by Kadar.Subsidies would not move from one industry to another. Substantial room for private enterprise at the local level. By 1980 half of housing built in Hungary was performed by private companies |
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| Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR) |
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| was a Polish civil society group that emerged under communist rule to give aid to prisoners detained after labor strikes in 1976 and their families. KOR was a strong example of successful organizing related to specific issues relevant in the public's daily lives, a precursor and inspiration to efforts of Solidarity a few years later. |
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| is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland 1990–95. |
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| is a retired Polish military officer and Communist politician. He was the last Communist leader of Poland from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (LWP). He resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989 led to democratic elections in Poland. |
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| became head of the USSR in March 1985 and was the last head. |
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| became head of the USSR in March 1985 and was the last head. |
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| policy of Openness by Gorbachev in 1986. said that now we are going to talk about all of our problems out in the open. After all the open discussion there would a be a restructuring of the Soviet Union so that it works. This was absolutely sensational. Basically Gorbachev was the first one to say you can’t have economic reform without political reform |
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| was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own internal affairs. Replaces the Brezhnev Doctrine |
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| He was the last Communist leader of Poland from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (LWP). He resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989 led to democratic elections in Poland. |
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| one of Poland's Solidarity leaders elected to be Prime Minister and the Soviets approved. Aug 24, 1989 |
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| Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations |
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1996
Post-Cold War divisions in politics are along cultural, basically religious lines
What separates Europe from the “other” is the dividing line between Roman Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity |
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| 1992, Prime Minister of Slovakia. Because of Meciar’s policies he was much more in the idea of controlling the press, passed anti-Hungarian polices, anti-gypsy policies. Then it started to look Eastern European rather than Central. When he lost it started to look central again. Admitted to NATO and EU so it looked civilized |
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| 1992, Prime Minster of the Czech Republic |
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| succeeded Mercier in 2004 and is current President of Slovakia. he did not revert to Meciar’s policies but continues under the westernizations. |
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| GDR Communist leader who relied on Soviet Support to stay in power. Felt like the Soviet Union turned its back on the other communist nations. Admired China's violent response to protest |
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| Prime Minister of Hungary from 1988-90 was one of the leaders of the Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist party, in the tumultuous years that led to the collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe |
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| as a political movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1980s, widely associated with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. |
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| official of the Socialist Party in the GDR.gained worldwide fame in November 1989 when he improvised a slightly mistaken answer to a press conference question, raising popular expectations so rapidly that massive crowds gathered the same night at the Berlin Wall, forcing its opening after 28 years; soon after, the entire inner German border was opened. |
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