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The study of structures and the relat -
ionship among structures |
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The study of body functions - how body
parts work |
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| Levels of Body Organization |
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Definition
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Oragn level
System level
Organism level |
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Includes atoms which are the smallest units of nature that particape in chemical reactions,and molecules which are two or more atoms joined together
Ex:Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, calcium and sulfer
Ex:DNA - (deoxyritbomuleic acid)
and glucose |
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Definition
molecules combine to form cells, which
are the smallest living units of an
organism |
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| Tissues are groups of cells adn the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function |
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a. epithelial tissue - skin
b. connective tissue - connects
c. muscle tissue - muscle
d. nervous tissue - nerves |
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structures that are composed of two or more differnt types of tissues
Ex: stomach, heart, liver, lungs, brain |
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consists of related organs that have a common function.
Ex: digestive system or
respiratory system |
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An organism is any living indivual. All
parts of the human body functioning together constitue the total organism -
one living person |
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Integumentary Lympathic
Skeletal Respiratory
Muscular Digestive
Nervous Urinary
Edocrine Reproductive (F & M)
Cariovascular |
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is the external covering of the body, the skin. It forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from
injury, sythenesizes vitamin D, loaction of cutaneous(pain/presurre)
receptors;and sweat and oil glands |
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this consists of bones,cartilages, ligaments, and joints. It supports the body organs and provides a framework for the skeletal muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed w/in
bones; stores minearls |
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Definition
The muscles of the body have only one function is to contract and shorten...
these musclues are distinct from the muscles of the heart and other hollow
organs, which move fluid like blood and urine or other substances like food along the definite pathways w/in the body. Allows for manipulation of the enivorment, locomottion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat. |
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| it's the body fast acting control system which responds to internal and external changes(sight/sound/pain etc.) by acivating apporapriate muscles adn glands. it conists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and receptors. |
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| Also controls the body actives but reacts much slowly. it produces hormones that travel through the blood to the targeted organs. So that processes like growth, reproduction can be regulated and nurtent use metabolism by body cells |
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| The Cardiovascular System |
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| The primary organs is the heart(which pumps the blood) & blood vessels. Using the blood as the transporting fluids such as hormones, nurients,oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste among other to/from tissue cells where the exchange takes place |
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| This system is complementary to the cardiovascular system but the organs involved is lympathic vessels, lymph modes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleenand tonsils. |
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| This keeps the body/blood constanly supplied with oxygen & to remove carbon dioxide. The parts of this system is the nasal passage, pharynx, larnyx, trachea, brochi and lungs.the gases exchanges occur through the walls of the the air sacs of the lungs. |
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Food is broken down and delivered to the blood for dispersal to the boody cells. The other undigestive food is
disposed of as waste. The organs involved with is oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, sm/lg instestines,
and rectum. |
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Removing of nitrogen containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.It also regualates water,electrolytes,and acid-base blanace of the blood. Organs involved is the kidneys,ureters, bladder, and urethra which is called collectly the
excretory system |
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| The Reproductive system (female/male) |
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| To produce offspring male and female each have their specific parts that have tasks related to reproduction. |
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| Feeling the body surface with the hands |
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| Listening to body sounds to evaluate the function of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify sounds. |
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| tapping on the body surface ww/ the fingertips and listening to the resulting echo. Can be used, for example to detect abnormal presence of fluid in the lungs |
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| 7 or 8 basic life processes |
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Definition
Metabolism
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Differentation |
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| is the process of removing excreta or wastes from the body |
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the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body cells.
a. catabolism - breaking down of complex chemical substances into simpler ones.
b. anabolism - the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simple ones. |
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| the body's ability to detect/respond to changes in its internal/external enivorment.Ex; being cold, pain, sound, sight, smell, taste and so on |
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| includes all parts of the body, even tiny structures inside the cells must perform movement in order for certain processes to occur. |
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| an incr in the body size that results from an incr in the size of existing cells, the # of cells or both |
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| the process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized to a specalized cell. |
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the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molcules that can then be absorbed into the blood for delivery to all body cells by the cardiovasular
system |
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refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, or repair, or
to the production of a new individual. |
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nurients
oxygen
water
body tempature
atmosphere pressure |
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| the examination of a post- mortem body to determine the cause of death |
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| the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal enviroment. Each body structure , form the cellular level to the systemic level, contributes in some wya to keeping the internal enviroment w/innormal limits. |
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Body Fluids: intracellur (ICF)
extracellular (ECF) |
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Definition
Body fulids: dilute, watery soulutions found inside cells as well as surroundign the.
Intrcellar (ICF) - fluids w/in the cells
Extracellar (ECF) - fluids found outside the cell
Ex: Special name in the blood vessels ECF called blood plasma |
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Feedback systems
receptor
control center
effector
postive and negative feedback |
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| is a cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is constantly being monitored, so that the status of the condition remains w/in normal limits |
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| is a body structure that recieves the information that change has occured and sends input to the control center. Nerve endigns on the skin that sense tempature changes are examples or receptors. |
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| sets the range of values that ar appropriate for a given sistuation. |
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| is a body sturcture that recieves the output from the control center and produces a response, or effect, that is appropriate for the situtaiton. |
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| reverse a change in a controlled condtition. |
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| In this instance, the stimulus continues to reniforce the product of the effector. |
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Disorder
Disease: Loacl & Systemic
Symtops
Signs
Epidemiology
Pharacology
Diagnosis |
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| any abnormality of function |
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a more specfic term for an illness characterized by a reconginizable set of signs and syptoms.
Local - affects one part or a limited region of the body.
Systemic - affects either the entire body or several parts of it. |
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subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
Ex: headache, back pain |
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Objective changes that a clinican can observe and measure.
Ex: fever, high blood pressure |
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| the secience that deals w/ why, when & where diease occur & how they are transmitted among indv in comm. |
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| the science that deals w/ the effects & uses of drugs in the treatment of diease |
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| the science & skill of distinguishig one disorder or diease from another |
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| Body Position: Anatomical Position |
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| In th anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, w/ the head level & the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are on the floor, toes facing forward. The arms are to the side and palms forward. and the body would be upright |
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Body Postition: Anatomical Position
Prone
Supine |
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Definition
Prone - the body is lying face down
Supine - the body is lying face up |
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Definition
head - consist of skull & face
neck - Psupports head & attaches to the
to the trunk
trunk - consits of the chest, abdomen &
pelvic
Upper limb (upper extremity)
attaches to the trunk & consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist & hand
lower limb (lower extermiity)
attaches to the trunk consits of buttock, thigh. ankle, and foot |
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| otic/auditary/accustic (a) |
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thoracic (a)
(b/tw the neck & diaphragm) |
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toward the head
Ex: cranial & cephalic |
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away from the head
Ex: caudal |
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front of the body or organ
Ex: ventral |
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back of body or organ
Ex; dorsal |
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| close to the midline of the body |
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| farther from the midline of the body |
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| closer to the trunk of the body |
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| farther from the trunk of the body |
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| toward the surface of the body |
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| away from the surface of the body |
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Sagittal plane
Midsagittal plane
Parasagittal plane
Frontal or Coronal plane
Transverse, Cross - sectional, Horizonal plane |
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| vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides |
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| Midsagittal plane/Median Plane |
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| right & left sidesare equal sizes |
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| right & left sides are of unequal sizex |
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| divides the body or organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) |
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| Transverse/Cross-sectional/Horizonal Plane |
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| divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) protion |
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Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic (chest) cavity
Pericardial cavity
Plureal cavity
Addomiaophevlic cavity |
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located on the dorsal or posterior aspect of the body; is divided into 2
cavities:
a. Cranial cavity - which houses the brain & skull
b. vertebral (spinal) cavity - which houses the spinal cord, which is surrounded by 3 layers of membrane that is called the meginges and it also encloses the brain too. |
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| located on the ventral or anterior aspect of the body. This is divided into 2 cavities which is seperated by the the diaphragm and the organs in ths cavity are collectivly called the viscera |
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| the superior part of the venteral body cavity . it is bordered by the ribs, sternum,and thoracic verebrae. Ther thoracic cavity is subdivided into the Pericardial cavity & the Pleural cavity |
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| Thoracic: Pericardial cavity |
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| which surroundsthe heart. it is a double layered membrane with fluid b/tw the two membranes. |
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| there are two, one surronding each lung. On either side of the heart is one lung, each with its own pleural cavity. B/tw the 2 lungs, extendig from sternum to the vertebrea and from the neck to the diaphragm is a portion of the thoracic cavity called the mediastinum which contains the heart, esophaguw, trachea, thymus adn several lr blood vessels |
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| the inferior aspect of the ventral cavity. It extends from teh diaphragm to the groin and is borodered by the abdominal wall, adn the bones and muscles of the pelvis. This is subdivided ito abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity |
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| Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity |
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| the superior portion and it contains the stomach, spleen, liver, galibladder, sm instine and most of the lg instine. |
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| Abdominanopelvic cavity: Pelvic cavity |
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| the inferior portion which contains the urinary bladder, protions of th lg instine and internal organs of th reproductive system. |
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| Structure of T&A cavity:serous membranes |
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| the membranes that line the thoracic & abdominal cavity are called serous membrane which are composed of two layers each. |
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| Stucture of T&A cavity; visceral layer |
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| this layer clings to the viscera and is called the visceral layer |
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| structure of T&A cavity: parietal layer |
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| the out layer lines the walls of the cviay, and in effect, holds orgn in it's proper postion w/in the cavity and it is called the parietal layer |
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