Term
| urban growth boundary (UGB) |
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Definition
| a line on a map intended to separate areas desired to be urban from desired to remain rural. |
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Definition
| the shift from the countryside into towns and cities. |
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Definition
| the smaller communities that ring cities. |
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Term
| city planning (urban planning) |
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Definition
| the professional pursuit that attempts to design cities in such a way as to maximise their efficiency. |
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Definition
| city planning done on larger geographic scales, generally involving multiple municipal governments. |
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Definition
| the practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use. |
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Definition
| city planning concept in which community's growth is managed in ways that limit sprawl, and maintain/improve residents' quality of life. |
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Definition
| seeks to design neighborhoods on a walkable scale, with homes, businesses, schools, and other amenities all close together for convenience. |
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Definition
| the practice of harvesting potentially renewable resources in ways that do not deplete them. |
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Definition
| where urbanized areas and regions of natural lands meet. |
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Term
| maximum sustainable yield |
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Definition
| aiming to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource from one harvest to the next. |
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Term
| eco-system based management |
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Definition
| attempts to manage the harvesting of resources in ways that minimize impact on the ecosystems and ecological processes that provide the resource. |
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Definition
| systematically testing different approaches and aiming to improve methods through time. |
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Definition
| the professional management of forests by foresters, who must balance the importance of forests as ecosystems with our society's demand for wood products. |
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Definition
| the clearing of and loss of forests. |
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Definition
| natural forest uncut by people. |
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Definition
| forest that contains trees which sprouted after old-growth timber was cut. |
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Definition
| public lands consisting of 191 million acres (more than 8%of the nation's land area). |
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Definition
| careful burning by the Forest Service under controlled conditions to reduce fuel load and improve the health and safety of forests. |
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Term
| proponents of salvage logging |
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Definition
| we should not let economically valuable wood go to waste. Forests regenerate best after a fire if they are logged and replanted with seedlings. Reduces future fire risk by removing woody debris that could serve as fuel for the next fire. |
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Term
| opponents of salvage logging |
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Definition
| burned wood is more valuable left in place for erosion control, wildlife habitat, and organic material to enhance the soil and nurse the growth of trees. |
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Term
| OSU research on Biscuit Fire |
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Definition
| conifer seedlings sprouted naturally in burned areas at densities exceeding what foresters aim for when they replant sites manually. Artificial planting of seeds may be unnecessary, salvage logging was hindering seedling survival. |
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Term
| why have we created parks and reserves? |
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Definition
1. monumentalism
2. recreational value
3. utilitarian benefits (clean drinking water, buffer from floods)
4. make use of sites that lack economic value
5. preservation of biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
| publicly held lands protected from resource extraction and development but open to nature appreciation and various forms of recreation. |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as havens for wildlife and in many cases encourage hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental education and other public uses. |
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Term
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Definition
| areas off-limits to development, but open to hiking, nature study, and other low-impact recreation. |
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Term
| worldwide area of in protected parks has increased |
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Definition
| now covers 10% of planet's land area. |
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Term
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Definition
| protected on paper, but not in reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| tracts of land with exceptional biodiversity that couple preservation with sustainable development. |
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Term
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Definition
| a loose confederation of individuals and groups that coalesced in the 1980s and 1990s in response to the increasing success of environmental advocacy. |
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Term
| The National Park Service (NPS) |
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Definition
| created in 1916to administer the growing system of parks and monuments. |
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Term
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Definition
| local or regional organizations that purchase land with the aim of preserving it in its natural condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| impacts on organisms near the edge of a habitat that has become fragmented (birds failing to reproduce in vulnerable areas to predators) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Single Large Or Several Small) - debate over whether it is better to make reserves large in size and few in number, or many in number, but small in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| passageway of protected land established to allow animals to pass between islands of protected habitat. |
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Term
| factors contributing to shift of population from rural to urban areas |
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Definition
-industrialization
-location |
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Term
| types of cities experiencing fastest urban growth |
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Definition
-cheap transportation
-powerful technologies powered by fossil fuels
-warm climates |
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Term
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Definition
1. The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.
2. The physical spread of development at a rate that exceeds the rate of population growth. |
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Term
| Five negative impacts of sprawl |
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Definition
1. Transportation
2. Pollution
3. Health
4. Land use
5. Economics |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to design cities/regions in a way which maximises their efficiency, funcionality, and beauty. |
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Term
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Definition
Planning: ADVISES policy makers on development options, transportation needs, etc.
Zoning: government RESTRICTION on use of private land. |
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Term
| Key elements of "Smart Growth" |
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Definition
-mix land uses
-take advantage of compact building design (build up, not out)
-create range of housing opportunities/choices
-create walkable neighborhoods
-foster distinctive, attractive communities w/strong sense of place
-preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environment areas.
-direct development toward existing communities.
-provide a variety of transportation choices
-make development decisions predictable, fair, cost effective
-Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions. |
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Term
| Positive/Negative effects of Urban Growth Boudaries |
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Definition
-concentrate development, prevent sprawl, preserve working farms, orchards, ranches, and forests.
-reduce amounts spent on infrastructure
-increase housing prices within the boundary. |
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Term
| Contribution of Mass Transit and Public Parks toward livable cities |
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Definition
-mass transit options cheaper, more energy-efficient
-parks/open space create desired escape from noise/commotion/stress of urban life. |
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Term
| Positive effects of urban centers on the environment |
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Definition
-increases efficiency of resource/goods transportation
-increased land preservation |
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Term
| Maximum sustainable yield vs. adaptive management vs. ecosystem-based management |
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Definition
Maximum Sustainable Yield: extraction w/out depleting resource from one harvest to the next.
Ecosystem-based management: manage harvesting of resources in ways that minimize impact on processes that provide the resource.
adaptive management: systematically test different approaches, aiming to improve methods through time. |
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Term
| Population grows most quickly when it is at... |
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Definition
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Term
| Maximum stability yield may be in direct conflict with what is ecologically desireable |
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Definition
-keeps some species below carrying capacity, affecting other species/food web dynamics
-trees may be cut before they reach full height, eliminating habitat for species that depend on mature trees. |
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Term
| Major causes of deforestation |
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Definition
-consumption of wood/paper products
-clearing to make way for agriculture |
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Term
| Consequences of deforestation |
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Definition
-degraded soil
-reduced populations
-species extinction
-has brought entire species to ruin (Easter Island). |
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Term
| Deforestation most severe in... |
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Definition
| ...tropical rain forests of Latin America and Africa. |
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Term
| Major methods of timber harvesting |
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Definition
A). Clear-Cutting
B). Seed-tree or Shelterwood System
C). Selection System |
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Term
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Definition
-disturb plants/animals
-change forest structure/composition
-increase soil erosion (siltation of waterways, degrade habitat/affect drinking water quality).
-speed runoff (flooding). |
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Term
| Why creation of parks/reserves? |
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Definition
1. Monumentation
2. Recreational Value
3. Utilitarian Benefits
4. Make use of sites that lack economic value/hard to develop
5. Preservation of Biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
-off-limits to development
-open to hiking, nature study, other low-impact public recreation |
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Term
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Definition
-protected from resource extraction/development
-open to nature appreciation |
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Term
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Definition
-serve as havens for wildlife
-encourage hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography environmental education & other public uses. |
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Term
| What percentage of Earth's land protected? |
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Definition
10%
-Paper parks (protected on paper, but not in reality)
-Biosphere Reserves (exceptional biodiversity)
-World Heritage Sites (Natural/cultural value) |
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