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Definition
| Science is a body of knowledge, but it is also a process known as the scientific method. |
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Definition
| Tentative explanation that fits ALL the data. |
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Definition
| Well-tested and widely accepted view that the majority of scientists agree best explains the observable facts. |
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| A law is a theory that meets rigorous testing over long periods of time and can be modeled mathematically. |
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| What are the steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
1. Ask a question
2. Research
3. Form a hypothesis
4.Test your hypothesis
5.Analyze data and draw conclusions
6. Communicate your results |
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Term
| What is the Principle of Uniformitarianism? |
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Definition
Chemical ans physical processes have remained unchanged over time.
Natural laws are time indepedent, but the rates are variable. |
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Term
| The universe consists mostly of what two elements? |
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Definition
Hydrogen and Helium.
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Term
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Definition
The process by which multiple like-charged atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus.
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| What is the typical origin of elements 3-26? |
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Definition
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| What is the typical origin of elements above 26? |
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Definition
Supernova explosions.
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Term
| What is the temperature (C) at the center of the earth? |
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Definition
4500-6000 degrees Celcius.
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| What is the temperature (C) on the surface of the sun? |
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Definition
Approximately 5500 degrees celcius.
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Term
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Definition
Longitudinal lines running north and south around the earth. They intersect at the poles and measure east and west.
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Definition
| The longitudinal line running through Greenwich England. Also known as the International Date Line. |
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Definition
| Degrees of arc east and west of the prime meridian. |
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Definition
Latitudinal lines running east and west across the earth which measure north and south.
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Definition
| Degrees of arc north and south of the equator. |
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Definition
The parallel which circles the widest part of the earth.
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Definition
The geographic north pole is directly in the center of the northernmost parallel. The magnetic north is slightly off from this.
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Term
| Define Principle Meridian. |
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Definition
| An arbitrary line running north and south, part of the US Public Land Survey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arbitrary line running east and west, part of the US Public Land Survey. |
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Definition
| The columns of squares running north and south in the USPLS. |
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Definition
| The rows of squares running east and west in the USPLS. |
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Definition
| The numbers of the squares in the USPLS. A section is equal to one square mile. |
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Definition
Lines connecting points of equal elevation.
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Definition
| The distance between contour lines. |
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Definition
| The difference in elevation between contour lines. |
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Definition
Height above sea-level.
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Term
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Definition
A fraction in which one unit on the map is equal to the unit of the denominator of the fraction on earth. (Usually 1/24,000). This is only useful when looking at original maps.
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Term
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Definition
Lines on the map directly relating earth distance and map distance.
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Definition
Rise/Run. On a map it is the relief divided by the distance between two points.
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Definition
| A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary physical or chemical means. |
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Definition
An atom is the smallest until of an element than can exist and still have all the characteristics of the element.
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Definition
The number of protons an atom has.
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| An atom in which the number of protons is less than the number of electrons. It has a negative charge. |
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Definition
| An atom where the number of protons is greater than the number of electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
Element with variable number of neutrons.
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Term
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Definition
1. Naturally Occuring
2. Inorganic
3. Definite Internal Structure.
4. Solid
5. Definite Chemical Composition |
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Term
| Give the chemical formula for quartz, ice and diamond. |
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Definition
Quartz: SiO2
Ice:H2O
Diamond: C |
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Term
| Draw the silica-oxygen tetrahedra |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The color of a mineral in powdered form.
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Definition
The appearance of light reflected from the surface of a mineral.
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Definition
A measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.
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Definition
The tendancy of a mineral tp split along planes of weak bonding that exist between atoms in the crystalline structure.
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Definition
| The way a mineral without cleavage breaks. |
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Definition
Igneous rocks originated from magma or lava.
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Definition
Molten rock inside the earth.
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Definition
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Definition
Molten rock on the earth's surface.
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Definition
Gasses dissolved within magma/ lava. This is what makes volcanoes explosive or not.
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Definition
The thickness/ fluidity of a substance.
High viscosity: Silicic Magma, Molasses
Low Viscosity: Mafic Magma, Water
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Term
| What is the major constituant of most magmas? |
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Definition
SiO2
AKA Silicon and Oxygen |
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Term
| What are the most common volatiles? |
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Definition
| Water (H2O) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2). |
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Term
| Where does magma come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Geothermal Gradient. What are typical geothermal gradients? |
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Definition
Rate of increase of temperature with depth. Usually about 15-40 degrees C/km
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Term
| At what temperature do rocks begin to melt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major influence on viscosity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the temp, SiO2 content, viscosity, volatile content, and expected type of volcanic activity for mafic lava? |
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Definition
900-1200 C, 50% SiO2, Low volatiles and viscosity, not explosive.
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Term
| What is the temp, SiO2 content, viscosity, volatile content, and expected type of volcanic activity for silicic lava? |
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Definition
650-850 C, 60-70% SiO2, high volatile content and viscosity, expected to be explosive.
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Term
| What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous processes? |
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Definition
Extrusive: Happen on the earth's surface and take very little time.
Intrusive: Happen inside the earth, and take thousands to tens of thousands of years. |
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Term
| Discuss the origin of shield volcanos. Give an example and specify magma type. |
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Definition
Sheild volcanoes come from mafic lava eruptions. Since mafic lava has a low viscosity it slowly covers the earth's surface, creating a large semi-circle shaped volcano.
Example: The Hawaiian Islands.
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| Discuss the origin of stratovolcanoes. Give an example and specify magma type. |
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Definition
The thick silicic lava moves slowly, buiding up a high mountainous structure.
Example: Mt. Vesuvius.
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Term
| Define pahoehoe and aa lava. |
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Definition
Pahoehoe: Smooth and ropy
Aa: Rough, jagged, clinkery surface.
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Term
| Discuss the two eruption phases of a composite volcano. |
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Definition
1. Explosive: High volatile content causes a build up of pressure.
2. Lava Flow: Thick lava moves very slowly.
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Term
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Definition
A crystallized magma chamber.
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Definition
The size, shape, and arrangment of the grains in a rock.
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Term
| What are the two criteria by which igneous rocks are named? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between plutonic and volcanic rocks? |
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Definition
Plutonic rocks cool slowly inside the earth and are made up of 100% crystals.
Volcanic rocks cool rapidly on the earth's surface so the rocks are a mixture of crystals that formed before eruption and either glass or very small microscopic crystals. |
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Term
| Classification of Igneous Rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define lithification and describe the two parts. |
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Definition
Turns sediments into rocks.
1. Compaction: Weight of overlying sediments forces grains closer together.
2. Cementation: Precipitation of dissolved subastances in groundwater bonds grains together. |
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| What are the most common cements? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
The layers of sedimentary rock.
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| What are clastic sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
Forms from the fragments of other rocks.
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Term
| Using grain size define: conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale. |
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Definition
Conglomerate: Grains >2mm
Sandstone: 1/16-2mm
Siltstone: 1/256-1/16mm
Shale: <1/256mm |
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Term
| What is the most common clastic sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common non-clastic sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are evaporates? Give an example. |
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Definition
Evaporation of water in restricted basins leaves behind mineral deposits.
Example:Travertine.
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Term
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Definition
Coal is made of ancient wood.
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Definition
| The solid state recrystallization of minerals due to temperature, stress, and/ or chemically active fluids. |
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| What are the causes of metamorphism? |
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Definition
| Temperature, Stress, and Chemically Active Fluids. |
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Term
| Define stress, asperity, triple junction, directed stress, and foliation. |
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Definition
Stress: Force/ Area
Asperity: Protrusions in the rock.
Triple Junction: Grain pattern formed from lithostatic stress.
Directed Stress: Stress in one specific direction.
Foliation: Aligned minerals resulting from directed stress. |
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| What is the primary texture resulting from directed stress? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you distinguish shale from phyllite from schist from gneiss? |
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Definition
| You can test the hardness, luster, cleavage, streak, color, and crystal form. |
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Term
| Define marble, quartzite. Under what kind of stress do these rocks form? |
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Definition
Marble: Metamorphosed limestone.
Quartzite: Metamorphosed quartz-rich sandstone.
Lithostatic stress formed these rocks. |
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