1. morphological involves looking at physical characteristics to classify and organism. looking at fossil record to see who has same physical structure. Biological is simply if 2 organisms can produce viable offspring
2. morphological- fossil record                         biological- genetic makeup
3. morphological is default

1. compare and contrast biological and morphological species concepts.
2. when is it appropriate to use each? 
3. which do we use by default

1. reproduction
2. metabolism
3. self repair
4. evolution
5. movement

what constitutes a living entity?

1. Hormonal- regulates body's activities- insulin deals with blood sugar levels
2. Receptor- receives/interprets chemical messages- receptor protein in membrane detects signals
3. Structural-provides support- silk fibers-webs
4. Defensive-protect against harmful pathogens- antibodies kill invaders
5. Storage-storage of amino acids-casein in milk to developing mammals

Negative

• cell wall has 2 layers: thin peptidoglycan and outer wall is composed of lipopolyssacharides which are toxic making negative resistant to antibiotics.
• plasma membrane
• more complex
• red

Positive

• cell wall has thick peptidoglycan layer
• plasma membrane
• stains purple
• can be virulent, not normally

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1. mycelia of different mating types
2. mycelia from hyphal extensions called gametangia which holds multiple nuclei
3. plasogamy (fusion of the cytoplasm)occurs forming the zygosporangium. this is the start of the heterokaryotic stage.
4. zygosporangium develops thick wall to last harsh conditions for months, also its metabolism shuts off
5. when conditions are favorable, nuclei in zygosporangium undergo karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) ending the heterokaryotic stage
6. meiosis of diploid nuclei restores haploidy
7. zygosporangium germinates sporangium on short stalk, full of genetically different haploid spores
8. dispersal of haploid spores eventually germinate into specific mating type of mycelia

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