Term
1) Please answer correctly, as it will be graded. The subject of this course is _______.
A) Environmental Science
B) Horticulture and Landscaping
C) Advanced Biometrics
D) Chemical Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2) The process of one tectonic plate being pulled underneath another is called?
A) Cross plate forces
B) Tectonic subduction
C) Tectonic friction
D) Continental derivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3) Douglas fir regeneration responds well to:
A) shade conditions
B) moist understories
C) bog-like conditions
D) full sun conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4) Who was the man behind the term "preservation" in environmental science?
A) John Muir
B) Teddy Roosevelt
C) Gifford Pinchot
D) Aldo Leopold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5) The first country to adopt an official population policy was?
A) China
B) India
C) USA
D) Germany |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6) An organism's ecological niche is:
A) the set of environmental conditions within which a species is able to persist.
B) the temperature range in which an organism occurs when there is no competition from other organisms.
C) the temperature range in which an organism occurs when there is competition from other organisms.
D) the point at which the organism's resource needs overlap causing competition between organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7) All individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile young are defined as a(n):
A) kingdom
B) species
C) community
D) ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8) Scientifically, _______ is expressed as the number of species in an area.
A) biological diversity
B) biological evolution
C) genetic drift
D) natural selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9) The term ombrotrophic refers to a water system that is fed mainly by:
A) rainwater and air.
B) a stream.
C) an underground source.
D) transpiration from plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10) What is the main alcohol found in biofuel?
A) Isopropanol
B) Ethanol
C) Propane
D) Butanol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11) The _________ approach estimates how many people can be put onto our planet without taking into account Earth’s ability to supply their needs, such as the need for food.
A) carrying capacity
B) exponential population growth
C) abundance
D) packing problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) The four processes that lead to biological evolution are:
A) Mutation, Natural Selection, Migration, and Genetic Drift
B) Mutation, genetic drift, genetic modification, and conservation
C) Mutation, migration, predation, and population decline
D) Mutation, natural selection, predation, and genetic modification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13) Positive feedback occurs when:
A) an increase in output leads to a further increase in the output.
B) people leave the city.
C) an increase in temperature is followed by a response that leads to a decrease in temperature.
D) air and water pollution, disease, crime and overcrowding occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14) In developed countries, what percentage of people live in urban areas?
A) 5%
B) 35%
C) 75%
D) 95% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
15) Species that benefit each other, but are not essential to each other are called _________.
A) facultative symbionts
B) subordinate symbionts
C) obligate symbionts
D) disordinal symbionts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
16) In ________ a single species that is isolated on different islands can be separated into multiple distinct species. Each group responds and adapts to its own environment. For instance, on an island with large fruit seeds, a small beaked finch may not do well, however a large beaked finch has just the right apparatus to break the seed; therefore its genes have the opportunity to move to the next generation.
A) gamma radiation
B) nuclear radiation
C) adaptive radiation
D) comparative radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17) What is the approximate current human population?
A) 1 billion
B) 7 billion
C) 14 billion
D) 30 billion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18) Growth rate is defined as:
A) the number of individuals who die during that same time interval.
B) the number of individuals that are added to a particular ecosystem in a pre-determined period of time.
C) number of individuals who are born during a certain time interval.
D) the difference between birth rate and death rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19) The first plants to appear after a disturbance are called _________.
A) pioneer species
B) invasive species
C) deciduous species
D) saprophytic species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20) Late-successional species grow well in _______ and have seeds that can survive for a _______ period of time.
A) dark, long
B) shade, short
C) full sunlight, short
D) shade, long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
21) A species such as the sea otter that has a large effect on its community or ecosystem is called a ________.
A) turnkey species
B) keystone species
C) latchkey species
D) key species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22) The largest phosphorous stores on Earth are in the_________.
A) Earth’s expansive ocean waters
B) Earth’s ocean sediments
C) Earth’s outer crust
D) Earth’s plants and animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23) Which of the following is an example of a system sink and flux?
A Sink: a dam, Flux: an ocean
B) Sink: a landslide, Flux: shifting of ground sediments
C) Sink: underground water storage, Flux: ice caps
D) Sink: forests of the world, Flux: amount of carbon transferred from atmosphere to forest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24) Maximum potential lifetime (longevity) is determined by _______.
A) health
B) wealth
C) genetics
D) geographic location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25) What is a watershed?
A) A large pit used as a reservoir.
B) A man-made structure used for capturing rainwater.
C) An area of land where rainfall flows out through the same stream.
D) Any metal structure used for storing water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
26) Approximately how old is the planet Earth?
A) 55 billion years
B) 21 billion years
C) 5 billion years
D) 1 billion years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27) The concept of "carrying capacity" refers to:
A) Maximum number of individuals of a single species that can be sustained by an environment without reducing the environment's ability to sustain the same number of individuals in the future.
B) Amount of environmental degradation that a particular ecosystem can support without losing its capacity to regenerate.
C) Maximum number of individuals of different species that can be sustained by an environment without reducing the environment's ability to sustain the same number of individuals in the future.
D) Number of offspring a woman can bear in her life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
28) Photosynthesis generally ___________.
A) converts glucose into energy and water
B) requires the combustion of carbon
C) produces carbon dioxide and oxygen gas
D) yields glucose and oxygen gas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
29) When two populations of the same species become geographically isolated from each other for a long time, the two populations may change so much genetically that they can no longer reproduce together, even when they are brought back into contact. This is known as ____.
A) genetic drift
B) mutation
C) divergent evolution
D) functional evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30) The organisms that are classified as primary consumers are the __________.
A) detritivores
B) omnivores
C) carnivores
D) herbivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
31) Which of the following is BEST considered the underlying cause of environmental issues?:
A) Overfishing
B) Seawater level rising
C) Desertification
D) Human population growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32) What allows alders to grow along the edges of glaciers?
A) Nitrogen fixation
B) Chronic patchiness
C) Facilitation
D) Restoration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
33) After which event would secondary succession occur?
A) Lava flow
B) Forest fire
C) Emergence from the ocean
D) Glacial retreat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
34) _______ cutting method removes all but a few mature trees with good genetic characteristics and high seed production to promote the regeneration of the forest.
A) Shelterwood
B) Clear
C) Seed-tree
D) Selective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
36) Carbon forms two of the most important greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide and ______.
A) nitrous oxide
B) methane
C) ammonia
D) The only greenhouse gas formed by carbon is carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
37) Which of the following is an adaptation of late-successional species?:
A) Shade tolerance
B) Fast growing
C) Heliotropic (sun-loving)
D) Seeds that spread quickly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38) Which of these sets of elements are considered the fundamental building blocks of life?:
A) C,H,O,N,P,B
B) C,H,O,N,S,P
C) C,H,O,N,P,F
D) C,H,O,N,F,S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
39) About ______ of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas.
A) 10%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 80% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
40) To restore the fox population in the Channel Islands, ________ are to be removed and ________ are to be reintroduced.
A) bald eagles, golden eagles
B) deer, goats
C) golden eagles, goats
D) golden eagles, bald eagles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2) The profession of growing trees is known as:
A) Silviculture
B) Arborealculture
C) Forealculture
D) Restoration Ecology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4) How fast do tectonic plates move?
A) Between 0 and 1 foot a year.
B) Between 5 and 10 feet a year.
C) Between 10 and 50 feet a year.
D) Between 50 and 100 feet a year. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5) Chronic patchiness is found in which ecosystem?
A) Tropical rainforest
B) Temperate rainforest
C) Desert
D) Chaparral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11) Estimates of how many people the planet can support range from 2.5 billion to 40 billion. Which of the following factors does not play an important role in this estimate?
A) Our ability to grow food.
B) The soil's ability to sustain population growth.
C) Availability of water.
D) Dropping birth rate in developing countries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) What makes an ecological island different from other areas?
A) It can only support up to a dozen species.
B) Most species of fish cannot survive around the territory of an ecological island.
C) It is biologically isolated, so species living there cannot mix with other populations of the same species.
D) These islands have constant ecological interactions with larger landmasses.
` |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13) How many species of birds native to the United States have been infected with the West Nile virus?
A) 25
B) 400
C) 100
D) 5000 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14) Two species that compete for the same life resources and have exactly the same requirements
A) will always come to equilibrium by sharing resources.
B) breed with each other.
C) cannot coexist in exactly the same habitat
D) can share the same habitat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
15) The first major increase in human population occurred during the ________?
A) Industrial revolution
B) Rise of agriculture
C) Early period of hunters and gatherers
D) World War I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17) According to Cranfield University's study of the effects of vegetarianism on the environment, vegetarianism may:
A) push livestock animals to extinction.
B) lead to more deforestation.
C) always be more beneficial to one's health.
D) dramatically lower land use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18) Acorn abundance is tied to Lyme disease abundance through mice, ticks, deer and humans. This is an example of:
A) a forest food web.
B) a symbiotic interaction.
C) the competitive exclusion principle.
D) an ecological niche. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23) The establishment of a community following a disturbance that doesn't remove the soil is:
A) climax succession.
B) tertiary succession.
C) secondary succession.
D) primary succession. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24) Generally, interference refers to _______ successional species preventing the establishment of _______ successional species.
A) early, late
B) late, early
C) young, old
D) early, old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25) Which of the following is true of autotrophs?:
A) They might eat heterotrophs.
B) They are known as decomposers.
C) They cannot perform photosynthesis.
D) They can live without heterotrophs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
26) A sustainable society _______.
A) ensures that Earth's resources will remain adequate to support future generations.
B) keep its population under 100,000 million.
C) harms the environment without causing economic hardship and social concerns.
D) saves at least as much as it spends. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27) What is a message to be learned from whooping cranes?
A) If a species is rare, its population will always remain rare.
B) Not all rare species are in danger of extinction.
C) Large populations should be controlled.
D) Rare species are destined for extinction.
` |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
28) A country with a high growth rate will display a ________ shape when graphed, indicating a large number of individuals in the younger ages.
A) diamond
B) pyramid
C) pregnant middle
D) inverse pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
29) In forestry, which of the following is one of the alternatives to clear-cutting that leaves some trees in the stand?
A) Shelterwood cutting
B) Riparian cutting
C) Deforestation
D) Afforestation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30) What does "biota" refer to?
A) All living things within a given area.
B) All living things plus all non-living things within a given area.
C) All non-living things within a given area.
D) An alternative to the Gaia hypothesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
31) With obligate symbionts:
A) each provides what the other needs and neither could survive without the other.
B) each provides what the other needs but each could survive without the other.
C) one provides what the other needs, while the other is harmed by relinquishing the resource.
D) one provides what the other needs, and the other is oblivious to the interaction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32) In reference to ecological succession, the term facilitation refers to:
A) one species making the environment more suitable for another species.
B) one species preventing the establishment of another species.
C) late-successional species colonizing a freshly disturbed area.
D) the amount of biomass in the system peaking and then declining once again. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
33) A lava flow is an example of what kind of succession?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Climax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
34) _________ is one of the "Big Six" elements necessary as the building blocks of life.
A) Fluorine
B) Calcium
C) Lead
D) Sulfur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
36) Sea otters feed on sea urchins. Sea urchins then feed on kelp. If there are fewer sea otters, there will be ________ kelp.
A) more
B) the same amount
C) less
D) There is not enough information to answer the question. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
37) Doubling time is defined as:
A) the growth of a population that has increased by 20%.
B) the growth of a population that remains the same for only 2 years.
C) the time it takes a population to drop its growth rate by half.
D) the time it takes for what is growing to double in size or number. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38) The founder of the Yale School of Forestry and the first head of the U.S. Forest Service was __________, also generally considered to be the father of modern professional forestry.
A) John Muir
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Franklin Roosevelt
D) Gifford Pinchot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
39) In the study of adaptive radiation of honeycreepers in Hawaii, the varying beak size and shape:
A) arose due to differing food type and availability.
B) arose due to mutations occurring in the gene pool.
C) arose due to environmental instability.
D) arose due to interbreeding with other bird species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
40) ______ are communities of organisms, including the community’s local nonliving environment, in which matter (i.e. chemical elements) cycles and energy flows.
A) Biomes
B) Ecosystems
C) Families
D) Biosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2) The current consumption of the Earth's renewable natural resources is estimated to be about _________ the EarthÕs biological productivity replaces each year.
A) 50 percent greater than
B) 20 percent greater than
C) 10 percent less than
D) about the same as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3) The "balance of nature" means that _______.
A) natural events lead to devastating, permanent changes in ecosystems
B) humans and animals can coexist in harmony
C) carnivores and predators will balance each other's numbers
D) natural systems that are not disturbed by people tend to persist in a steady state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5) We use both ____ and ____ to solve environmental problems.
A) technology, work
B) money, hypotheses
C) science, values
D) mythology, veganism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6) When we harvest a product from an ecosystem, we need to be concerned about the _______ of the harvest.
A) sustainability
B) demographics
C) amount
D) financial incentives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7) Which of these positive environmental effects are mainly caused by the fact that human population is constantly decreasing?
A) Development of new eco-friendly technologies used to produce energy
B) Reduction in the amount and concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere
C) There is no positive effect because human population is currently increasing
D) People are more "engaged" about the environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8) What kind of curve shape best describes the current pattern at which global population is changing?
A) "J" shaped curve
B) Negative slope straight line
C) "S" shaped curve
D) None of the above. Human population is constantly changing, and cannot be estimated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9) Which of the following is not a typical population's age structure?
A) Pyramid
B) Column with bulge
C) Inverted pyramid
D) Inflected pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10) What is the most accurate estimate of how many people the planet can support with basic requirements of life?
A) From 1 to 5.5 billion
B) From 1 to 6.8 billion
C) From 2.5 to 6.8 billion
D) From 2.5 to 40 billion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11) The cause of the highest number of deaths in the United States in 1998 was ______.
A) suicide
B) accidents
C) heart disease
D) cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) Which of the following is not a component of the EarthÕs major reservoirs?
A) Atmosphere
B) Lithosphere
C) Hydrosphere
D) Mesosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13) Which of these cycles is not part of the geologic cycle?
A) Metamorphic
B) Hydrologic
C) Biogeochemical
D) Tectonic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14) Approximately how long has the Earth's geologic cycle been functioning?
A) 200 million years
B) 1.5 billion years
C) 4.6 billion years
D) 10.2 billion years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
15) Seattle started discharging treated wastewater into Puget Sound instead of Lake Washington in 1968 because of _____ contamination problems.
A) phosphorus
B) nitrogen
C) cyanide
D) bioremedial oxygen demand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
16) What essential element is acquired by plants primarily from the air?
A) calcium
B) potassium
C) aerium
D) carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17) The erosion of the Grand Canyon is an example of the effects of _____.
A) nutrient cycling
B) Techtonic uplift
C) geological deposition
D) rock formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18) A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at the same time is called a ____.
A) species
B) population
C) community
D) genus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20) The place where a species lives is termed its ______.
A) residence
B) ecological niche
C) habitat
D) environmental abode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
21) The competitive exclusion principle indicates that two species that compete for the same resources ______.
A) cannot coexist in the same habitat
B) add to the biological diversity
C) remain contant in numbers
D) can increase the biological integrity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22) Symbiosis in nature is _________.
A) always detrimental to species
B) very rare
C) widespread
D) internal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23) We call the group of organisms and their interactions with the living and nonliving environment a(n) ________.
A) ecosystem
B) symbiotic entity
C) free living system
D) mutualist society |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24) A change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations is called ____.
A) emigration.
B) mutation.
C) natural selection.
D) genetic drift |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25) Among the causes of evolution is(are) ______.
A) species conditioning
B) mutualistic adaptation
C) biological responses
D) Competition for resources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
26) _______ occurs when two or more species are isolated and evolve differently.
A) Ecological adaptation
B) Species migration
C) Divergent evolution
D) convergent evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27) The failure of antimalarial efforts starting in 1957 over time shows how organisms can develop ________.
A) populations
B) biological integrity
C) resistence
D) embryonic adaptation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
28) _______ is best defined as the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies, or group of species.
A) genetic succession
B) genetic drift
C) genetic diversity
D) biodiversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
29) Biologists estimate that ________ species exist on Earth today.
A) 80-200 thousand
B) 300-500 thousand
C) 1-2 million
D) 3-10 million |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30) _________ is the initial establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not exist.
A) Secondary succession
B) Tertiary succession
C) Primary succession
D) Restoration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
31) What was the most successful restoration method for lead mines in England?
A) Fertilizer applications
B) Fast-growing commercial grasses
C) Top soil
D) Slow-growing native grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32) Dune grass is an example of a(n) ________ in succession.
A) Interferer
B) Facilitator
C) Remediator
D) Obligator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
33) The Fort Valley Experimental Forest shows that it can be a problem ecologically to ________ fire.
A) increase
B) prescribe burn
C) eliminate
D) propagate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35) Left undisturbed for a long time, an ecosystem _______ its stored elements.
A) slowly loses
B) rapidly loses
C) slowly increases
D) rapidly increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
36) Which species is best suited to clearcutting in the Pacific Northwest?
A) Western red cedar
B) Western hemlock
C) Douglas-fir
D) Ponderosa pine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
37) Aldo Leopold developed the term _______, which holds that all of EarthÕs resources have the right to exist in a natural state, and humans should not be conquerors of those resources, but citizens of the Earth and protectors of resources.
A) Conservation
B) Preservation
C) Restoration
D) The Land Ethic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38) For fun (any answer will be considered correct). What is the answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything?
A) 3.1415926
B) 42
C) 89
D) 102 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
39) According to the discussion list, it is estimated that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch contains about ________ million tons of garbage and is growing daily.
A) 3.5
B) 12
C) 28
D) 150 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
40) According to the discussion list, the population of China is ____ people.
A) 750 million
B) 1.2 billion
C) 1.7 billion
D) 1.825 billion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5) Environmental sustainability implies:
A) the actions of humans directly impact the well-being of the natural environment
B) future generations will have the resources necessary for a quality life
C) a shared global responsibility for conservation practices
D) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2) According to a post on the discussion list, one of the disadvantages of biofuels is that ____________.
A) they are more expensive
B) they produce more quantities of greenhouse gases
C) they actually pollute more
D) they burn less efficiently in modern cars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3) According to a post on the discussion last, the new Seattle bag tax charges _______ cents per bag.
A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 50 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4) As the 21st century began the global human population reached_________billion.
A) 3
B) 5
C) 6
D) 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9) Biota is a general term used to describe
A) all living things
B) all non-living parts of the environment
C) factors that affect organisms
D) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10) A scientist who first sounded the alarm about the growth of the human population and the ability of the earth to handle a large population of humans was
A) Charles Darwin
B) Paul Ehrlich
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Rachel Carson |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11) Longevity can be defined as:
A) average number of additional years an individual can expect to live
B) life expectancy of a newborn
C) genetically determined maximum possible age to which an individual of a particular species can live
D) outliving those who once lived before us |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) The Tsunami of December 2004 killed over 150,000 people. With a world population growth rate of 1.4%, approximately 100,000 people killed by the tsunami were replaced in
A) one year
B) two weeks
C) less than a day
D) six months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13) Which of the following parameters is/are necessary to describe exponential population growth?
A) carrying capacity
B) population size
C) juvenile death rate
D) time lag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14) Which of the following chemicals is most important in the transfer and use of energy within cells?
A) carbon
B) hydrogen
C) phosphorus
D) nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
15) Which of the following elements cycles quickly and is readily regenerated for biological activity?
A) phosphorus
B) calcium
C) magnesium
D) nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
16) Igneous rock is produced from all of the following except:
A) molten material
B) lava from volcanoes
C) internal heat from the tectonic cycle
D) weathered materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17) Nitrogen is needed to manufacture which two important biological compounds ?
A) proteins and DNA
B) proteins and water
C) sugar and starch
D) DNA and sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18) What are the four major components of the environment?
A) atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
B) oceans, rivers, lakes and groundwater
C) rocks, soils, sediments, and water
D) plants, animals, air and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19) Which of the following is NOT a way in which carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere?
A) through respiration of living things
B) burning fossil fuels
C) natural wildfires
D) photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20) A species upon which the entire ecosystem depends is called a(n):
A) mutualist
B) keystone species
C) niche
D) individual species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
21) The First Law of Thermodynamics states that:
A) energy can be created or destroyed by physical processes
B) entropy always increases
C) energy cannot be created or destroyed
D) energy transfer between organisms is inefficient and much energy is lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22) The function or important role of a species in an ecosystem is termed its
A) biome
B) ecosystem
C) habitat
D) ecological niche |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23) Predators:
A) aid in limiting the population sizes of their prey
B) live in symbiotic relationships with other predators
C) control their own populations
D) increase the population sizes of their prey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24) Autotrophs are:
A) decomposers
B)primary producers
C) whales
D) top predators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25) Which of the following characteristics is known to make a species more vulnerable to extinction?
A) occupying a small ( localized) range
B) living on a continent
C) population less than 1 million
D) high reproductive success |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27) How many species have been recovered in the US since the inception of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
A) 2
B) 43
C) 430
D) 7600 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
28) A species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range is said to be:
A) commercially extinct
B) endangered
C) threatened
D) invasive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
29) The goal of restoration ecology is
A) successful restoration of a habitat to its natural state
B) returning damaged, degraded, or destroyed ecosystems to a functional, sustainable and natural environment
C) creating a strong balance between nature and humans
D) to keep humans from destroying ecosystems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30) Which of the following elements is not essential for plant growth and function?
A) phosphorus
B) calcium
C) nitrogen
D) aluminum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
31) Facilitation happens when
A) plants struggle to survive because of other species' growth
B) first plant species die off after new plants emerge
C) other species move in and overtake an area
D) first plant species prepare the way for other species' growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32) When species do not interact and succession does not take place, the result is
A) nitrogen fixation
B) chronic patchiness
C) interference
D) succession |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
33) Early succession plants are:
A) plants of small stature that grow slowly with seed that stays close
B) larger plants, that enter and begin to germinate the site
C) mature plants; often forests
D) low growing plants that are specifically adapted to unstable conditions of the physical environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
34) When an ecosystem is disturbed by __________, changes occur in its biogeochemical cycling.
A) human activities
B) storms
C) fire
D) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35) Strip cutting in a forest is:
A) the practice of cutting less desirable trees first, and later cutting mature trees
B) the practice of cutting all trees except for a few individual seed trees
C) the practice of cutting dead and less desirable trees later, and cutting mature trees first
D) the practice of cutting narrow rows of trees, leaving wooded corridors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
36) Tree growth rings are produced at the rate of _______per year.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) five |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
37) Managing wildlife to keep populations at a constant level is not always successful because:
A) of increasing biodiversity
B) human dynamics
C) populations are naturally variable
D) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38) Nearly two-thirds of all the wood produced in the world is used for
A) firewood
B) paper
C) furniture
D) lumber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
39) A natural, important ecological function of forests is:
A) silviculture
B) release of methane
C) erosion
D) maintaining watersheds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
40) _________ founded the US Forest Service and practiced utilitarian conservation of forests.
A) Aldo Leopold
B) Gifford Pinchot
C) John Muir
D) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2) The concept of _____________ leads to _________ and _________
A) sustainable society, sustainable economy, sustainable development
B) sustainability, human population growth, recycling
C) climate change, sustainable society, sustainable development
D) Earth's carrying capacity, sustainable society, climate change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4) ______-successional species grow well in shade and have seeds that can survive for a rather _____ period of time
A) Late, long
B) Early, long
C) Early, short
D) Alternative, short |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5) What does the principle of "environmental unity" say?
A) Everything affects everything else
B) Humans are the fundamental environmental unit in nature
C) Nature can not be separated from humans
D) Nonhuman life is connected with nature in a different way than human life does |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6) Disturbed ecosystems can recover naturally through __________.
A) ecological succession
B) heliotropism
C) weathering
D) radioactive decay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7) Douglas-fir regeneration responds well to __________.
A) Shade
B) Moist understory
C) Bog-like conditions
D) Full sun |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8) An earthquake that occurs in the ocean can cause a ______________ when the water is suddenly dislocated en mass
A) tornado
B) cyclone
C) tsunami
D) hurricane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9) Ruminants, such as elk, have four-chambered stomachs teeming with billions of microbes. The bacteria digest woody tissue that the elk cannot fully digest on their own. The bacteria also convert nitrogen into organic compounds and give off fatty acids that benefit the elk. In return, the elk provide an environment that allows the bacteria to survive. In this case, both bacteria and elk are _________________ ___________________.
A) subordinate symbionts
B) obligate symbionts
C) falcultative symbionts
D) recreational symbionts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) Thomas Malthus advocated that human population will
A) be reduced by our own vices, such as wars, epidemics, and famines
B) be reduced mainly because of the imminent implementations of one child policies in most of the countries around the world
C) will increase exponentially for approximately 35 years, and then reach a platue
D) will increase at rates that would allow humans to keep enjoying current standards of living |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14) All individuals capable of interbreeding are a _____________
A) kingdom
B) species
C) community
D) ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
16) The way a population or species has varied in number, from most to fewest, over a past time period is measured by a(n) ____ and is called the _____.
A) estimate, long-term population range
B) time series, historical range of variation
C) historical range of variation, migration history
D) time series, historical population balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17) What is the "biosphere"?
A) The region of the Earth above soil level
B) The region of Earth where life exists
C) The region of the Earth where life cannot exist
D) The region of Earth protected by the atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18) DNA is short for
A) deoxyribonucleic acid
B) denitroficated acid
C) dinatural acid
D) denatured acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19) Following a severe storm on the sand dunes of Oregon, the process of grasses becoming established followed by shrubs and eventually a forest growing on the dune is an example of what kind of natural process?
A) secondary succession
B) primary succession
C) erosion
D) allelopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20) As an alternative to clear-cutting, which forestry method removes all but a few mature trees with good genetic characteristics in order to promote regeneration of the forest?
A) Shelterwood cutting
B) Strip-cutting
C) Thinning from below
D) Seed-tree cutting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
21) A collision of _______________ plates can lead to mountain building as well as subduction of the more dense plate, if any.
A) lavergent
B) divergent
C) convergent
D) transform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22) How long did it take for the radiation of Chernobyl to travel around the world to the Oak Ridge backyard grass clippings?
A) 1 year
B) 3 months
C) 2 weeks
D) 3 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23) What is the correct chronological order of a demographic transition in western civilization?
A) Stage 1: birth rate declines, stage 2: high growth rate, stage 3: birth rate drops toward the death date rate, so growth declines
B) Stage 1: growth increase, stage 2: birth rate drops toward the death date rate, so growth declines, stage 3: birth rate declines
C) Stage 1: steady population growth, stage 2: birth rate increase, stage 3: birth rate decrease
D) Stage 1: rapid population growth, stage 2: birth rate dramatically decrease, stage 3: birth rate decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24) _______________________ ____________________ in the earth's mantle lead to the movement of the plates
A) convection currents
B) corialis currents
C) convection heatwave
D) collision of air masses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25) _______ successional species are generally _______ growing
A) Late, slow
B) Pioneer, slow
C) Late, fast
D) Early, slow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
26) Aldo Leopold, considered to be one of the great conservationists of the 20th century, developed the idea of "The Land Ethic". This concept describes the philosophy that:
A) All of Earth's resources have the right to exist in a natural state, and that human's role should be that of citizen and protector instead of a conqueror of nature.
B) Maximum sustainable yield can be maintained by allowing 50% of a population to be harvested.
C) Forests provide "public-service functions", also known as "ecosystem services", and should be conserved to protect the interests of humankind.
D) The earth and its resources belong of right to the people. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27) In the case of the Isle Royale, a Minnesota experiment on predator/prey interactions, as the moose population increased the wolf population __________________ until the moose population decreased. The wolf population then______________________, indicating a possibility that the predator/prey interaction impacted the populations of both species.
A) decreased, increased
B) increased, decreased
C) increased, increased
D) decreased, decreased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
28) The maximum lifetime (longevity) is determined by:
A) Health
B) Wealth
C) Genetics
D) Geographic location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
29) In the competitive exclusion principle, when two species compete for the same resources with the same nutrient requirements, one species will ultimately
A) experience downturn and recovery
B) reproduce abundantly
C) thrive consistently
D) go extinct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30) Birth rates have ______ faster in countries that have a ______ standard of living than in countries with a ______ standard of living
A) increased, low, high
B) increased, high, low
C) declined, low, high
D) declined, high, low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32) If a species disappears from a part of its range, this is known as _____________ ___________________
A) local extinction
B) global extinction
C) endangered species
D) universal extinction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
33) Biodiversity generally _________________ with increased latitude, and _______________ often substitutes for increased latitude
A) increases, altitude
B) declines, altitude
C) declines, longitude
D) increases, aspect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35) Which word best completes the following sentence: The human population has mostly grown _________
A) logarithmically
B) exponentially
C) linearly
D) constantly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
36) The ____________ is one of the four major reservoirs of the biogeochemical cycle of planet Earth.
A) lithosphere
B) cryosphere
C) asthenosphere
D) ecosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
40) What does the Gaia hypothesis propose?
A) Human population will continue increasing in an exponential way
B) Humans are the ultimate form of life on Earth
C) The environment at a global level has not been changed by life throughout history of life on Earth.
D) The environment at a global level has been changed by life throughout history of life on Earth, and that these changes have tended to improve the chances that life on Earth will continue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2) The plastics of the great ocean garbage dump are being broken down by a process known as photodegradation, in which
A) infrared, visible and ultraviolet light energy of sunlight breaks down molecules releasing toxins
B) temperature changes in the ocean breakdown molecules releasing toxins
C) chemical changes in the ocean breakdown molecules releasing toxins
D) wind in the ocean causes degradation releasing toxins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3) In the discussion post "The Loss of Our Forests", the term "frontier forest" refers to:
A) forest that has been planted to speed up successional development on abandoned agricultural lands
B) forest that has naturally regenerated following clear-cut logging operations
C) forest that remains intact, protecting biodiversity and sequestering greenhouse gases
D) tree farms used to supply wood for rural construction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4) Societies consisting of populations with exponential growth may exceed the area's ____________________ and thus be unsustainable.
A) fuel quota
B) carrying capacity
C) resource potential
D) measured biostamina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5) The Gaia Hypothesis states that life _______ the environment for the ___________ of life.
A) manipulates, maintenance
B) maintains, manipulation
C) manipulates, exploitation
D) exploits, maintenance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6) In developed countries _____% of the people live in urban areas while ______% of the people live in rural areas.
A) 50, 50
B) 25, 75
C) 75, 25
D) 90, 10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7) Ecology is the study of
A) random relationships in nature between plants and animals
B) ecosystem growth and productivity
C) global climate change as it relates to organism
D) relationships between organisms and their environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8) An ecological justification places value on:
A) beauty and the aesthetic appeal to humanity.
B) ecosystem growth and productivity
C) the rightness or wrongness of an action
D) factors essential to life support functions of the ecosphere or ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9) Negative feedback occurs when ________ output
A) an increase in output leads to an increase in further
B) an increase in output leads to a decrease in further
C) there is no change in the system
D) serious environmental problems affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10) What can cause a population to continue to increase after a crash in resources and subsequent reduced fertilization rate?
A) existing pregnancy
B) increase in disease
C) government intervention
D) increase in medicine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11) The equation for population change is:
A) (births + emigration) – (deaths + immigration)
B) (births + deaths) – (immigration + emigration)
C) (emigration + immigration) – (deaths + births)
D) (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13) Exponential growth:
A) occurs at a constant rate per time period.
B) occurs at an increasing rate per time period.
C) occurs at a decreasing rate per time period.
D) occurs at a equilibrium setting rate per time period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14) The big six macronutrients include:
A) carbon, hydrogen, niacin, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
B) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium, and sulfur
C) chlorine, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
15) What kind of plate boundary occurs where two plates grind past each other without destroying or producing lithosphere?
A) divergent boundary
B) transitional boundary
C) convergent boundary
D) transform fault boundary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
16) What type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing one plate to descend into the mantle beneath the other plate?
A) transform fault boundary
B) convergent boundary
C) divergent boundary
D) transitional boundary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17) The three types of rock include all EXCEPT:
A) metamorphic
B) igneous
C) multimorphic
D) sedimentary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18) Through the processes of heat, pressure or chemicals, sedimentary rock can become ________ rock
A) metamorphic
B) sedimentary
C) igneous
D) multimorphic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19) The largest sink of nitrogen on earth is:
A) oceans
B) atmosphere
C) land plants
D) soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20) In the annual calcium cycle, the highest flux rates are in:
A) root leakage
B) loss to streams
C) loss to biosphere
D) biological uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
21) The chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
A) 6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight = C6H12O6 + 6O2
B) 6CO2 + 6O2 + sunlight = C6H12O6 + 6H20
C) C6H12O6 + 6H20 + sunlight = 6CO2 + 6O2
D) 6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22) Free nitrogen (N2 uncombined with other elements) makes up about what _____% of EarthÕs atmosphere:
A) 45
B) 25
C) 95
D) 79 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24) Chronic diseases are present in a _______ but _______ percentage of the population and include diseases such as heart disease, cancer and strokes.
A) large, constant
B) small, constant
C) small, fluxuating
D) large, fluxuating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25) In acute or epidemic diseases, a disease appears _________ in the population and affects a _______ percentage of the population and then _________ or almost disappears, only to ________ later.
A) slowly, large, declines, reappear
B) rapidly, large, increases, reappear
C) rapidly, large, declines, reappear
D) rapidly, large, declines, disappear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
26) An ecosystem is
A) a community of species and their nonliving environment in which nutrients flow and chemicals cycle.
B) a community of genuses and their nonliving environment in which energy flows and chemicals cycle.
C) a community of species and their nonliving environment in which energy flows and nectar cycles.
D) a community of species and their nonliving environment in which energy flows and chemicals cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
28) An organismÕs realized temperature niche
A) the set of environmental conditions within which a species is able to persist
B) the temperature range in which an organism occurs when there is no competition from other organisms
C) the temperature range in which an organism occurs when there is competition from other organisms
D) the point at which the organisms resource needs overlap causing competition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30) Biological evolution .
A) can move forwards and backwards
B) is always an effect of migration
C) can result in new species
D) is always beneficial to the species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
31) According to Chapter 5 of the text, justifications for saving endangered species include all of the following EXCEPT
A) Cultural Justification
B) Moral Justification
C) Economic Justification
D) Aesthetic and Spriritual Justification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32) Which of the following does NOT contribute to the shrinking of wetlands?
A) closing of canals and navigation channels
B) land conversion for agriculture
C) rise in sea levels
D) building of levees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
33) Which does NOT result in an increase in biodiversity?
A) increase in habitat complexity
B) complex topography
C) increase in agriculture
D) natural disturbances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
34) Ombrotrophic systems, such as bogs, are characterized by:
A) all of their nutrients coming from the air or rain
B) all of their nutrients coming from mountain-fed streams
C) all of their nutrients coming from photosynthesis
D) all of their nutrients coming from insect pollination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35) The following are ecosystems we may label as being in a secondary successional stage EXCEPT
A) temperate grassland
B) temperate forest
C) fresh lava rock
D) lakes and oceans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
36) When dune grass prepares a way for other species to grow, it is an example of _________.
A) facilitation
B) interference
C) establishment
D) preparation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
37) Gifford Pinchot and Teddy Roosevelt coined the term conservation, meaning
A) the full use of all natural resources authorized by governmental act
B) preservation of all natural resources, whether governmental or civilian
C) preservation and wise use of all natural resources
D) preservation and wise use of all natural resources as are economically feasible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38) Which of the following did NOT contribute to spotted owls population drop in the U.S.?
A) competition with barred owls
B) overhunting
C) West Nile virus
D) reduction of old-growth forest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3) The science dedicated to "returning damaged, degraded or destroyed ecosystems to some set of conditions considered functional, sustainable and natural" is called:
A) Successional Ecology
B) Evolutionary Ecology
C) Population Ecology
D) Restoration Ecology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4) A smoke stack releasing toxic metals is an example of a _________ source pollution.
A) mobile
B) released
C) point
D) continuous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5) The different types of habitats in a given unit area is a measure of
A) divergent evolution
B) habitat diversity
C) species diversity
D) genetic drift |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6) Primary succession is
A) the initial establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not exist before
B) re-establishment of an ecosystem following disturbance
C) the tendency of some trees to re-sprout from their stump after they have been cut down, struck by lightning, or otherwise damaged
D) the creation of genetically identical offspring following asexual reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7) There has/have been _______ mass extinctions on Earth
A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8) In deserts or other environments where species do not interact and succession is limited, the result is called:
A) chronic patchiness
B) intermediate succession
C) desertification
D) mosaicing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10) The geologic cycle consists of the
A) tectonic, rock and biogeochemical cycles
B) tectonic, limnic, and biogeochemical cycles
C) hydrologic, rock and biogeochemical cycles
D) tectonic, hydrologic, rock, and biogeochemical cycles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11) Which of the following statements defines ÒpopulationÓ?
A) a group of individuals of different species, living in the same area
B) all individuals that are capable of interbreeding
C) a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area, and sharing genetic information
D) a group of individuals of different species sharing genetic information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) The most abundant species in a system is known as the
A) dominant species
B) keystone species
C) obligate sybiont
D) facultative symbionts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) The most abundant species in a system is known as the
A) dominant species
B) keystone species
C) obligate sybiont
D) facultative symbionts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14) Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ecosystem?
A) Are composed of, among other things, a community of organisms
B) Are composed of, among other things, non living organisms
C) They all are similar in size
D) Energy flows through them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
15) Indirect deforestation is defined as:
A) Interference with secondary succession
B) The death of trees due to pollution or disease
C) Shelterwood cutting
D) Cutting down forest and replanting with a single species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17) What is the fundamental issue in Environmental Science?
A) Water pollution
B) Air pollution
C) Human population growth
D) Ozone layer depletion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18) If a volcano becomes extinct after thousands of years being active and plants begin to grow where there was formerly hot lava, this is an example of what kind of natural process?
A) primary succession
B) secondary succession
C) altruism
D) condensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22) Sedimentary rock forms from
A) accumulation of weathered material in depositional basins.
B) rocks exposed to heat, pressure or chemically active fluids.
C) molten material such as lava, are broken down by physical and chemical weathering.
D) rocks exposed to heat, pressure or chemically active fluids, broken down by physical and chemical weathering. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25) What an organism does for a living (its profession) is its:
A) biological edge
B) ecological niche
C) ecosystem
D) habitat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
26) What percentage of the wood currently used in the United States is produced in the United States?
A) 90%
B) 33%
C) 2%
D) 66% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27) The growth of weeds in an abandoned urban lot is an example of what kind of ecological succession?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) symbiotic
D) generalistic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
29) Which of the following countries have implemented a Òone child policyÓ to slow population growth?
A) Canada
B) China
C) Chile
D) Cameroon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
31) Which of the following factors is not a short-term factor that limits population growth?
A) Drought
B) Disruption to energy supply
C) Diseases
D) Climate change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32) Which of the following scenarios is an example of "chronic patchiness"?
A) Two cactus species in a desert environment grow far apart from each other and do not interfere with each other's growth.
B) Bamboo and Imperata grass replace each other as the dominant species in parts of the Philippines.
C) Fire causes an opening in densely matted grass allowing red cedar to take hold.
D) Large pines provide shade for oak saplings, allowing the oak to eventually become the dominant species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
34) In _________ a single species that is isolated far apart on different islands can be separated into multiple distinct species. Each group responds and adapts to its own environment. For instance, on an island with large fruit seeds, a small beaked finch may not do well, however a large beaked finch has just the right apparatus to break the seed, therefore its genes have the opportunity to move to the next generation.
A) gamma radiation
B) nuclear radiation
C) adaptive radiation
D) comparative radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35) How a population or species varied in number, from most to fewest, over a past time period is measured by a(n) ____ and is called the _____.
A) estimate, long-term population range
B) time series, historical range of variation
C) historical range of variation, migration history
D) time series, historical population balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38) The relative abundance of a species is known as the ___________ .
A) species relativity
B) species delineation
C) species index
D) species evenness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
40) Igneous rock forms from
A) molten material such as lava, broken down by physical and chemical weathering.
B) accumulation of weathered material in depositional basins.
C) sedimentary rocks exposed to heat, pressure or chemically active fluids.
D) sedimentary rocks exposed to heat, pressure or chemically active fluids, broken down by physical and chemical weathering. |
|
Definition
|
|
