Gurney or Stretcher

Car

El (la) enfermero (a)

Doctor: as in "I went to see the doctor."  Used in the informal sense.   Used when talking about but not addressing the doctor.  Not "Dr. Jones, I am sick." 

Doctor: Used in addressing a doctor.  "Dr. Jones, I am sick."

Papi

X-ray: the picture

To hurt or ache

Functions like the verb gustar.

Example:

Me gusta leche. = I like milk or Milk is likeable to me.

Me duele la cabeze. = My head hurts or The head is hurtful to me.

Me gustan libros. = I like  books or Books are likeable to me.

Me duelen las piernas. = My legs hurt or The legs are hurtful to me.

Enyesar

To wait (for)

Llorar

Parar

Parecer

To seem

The "Yo" form is irregular.

Yo = parezco

Tú = pareces

El(la) Ud. = parece

Ellos(as) Uds.= parecen

Nosotros = parecemos 

To bandage

Roto(a)

perder el conocimiento

Irregular Past Participles (IPP)

Abrir

Abierto

As adjectives the past participle must match in number and gender.

IPP

Decir

Dicho

As adjectives the past participle must match in number and gender.

IPP

Escribir

Escrito

IPP

Hacer

Hecho

Muerto

IPP

Poner

Puesto

IPP

Romper

Roto

Visto

IPP

Volver

Vuelto

To form past particples of "ER" and "Ir" verbs cut off the "ER" or "IR" of the verbs and add "ido."

For example

Comer becomes comido and vivir becomes vivido.

To form a past participle of an "AR" verb cut off the "AR" and add "ado."  For example

Hablar becomes hablado

Formation of the Present Perfect Tense

Haber

yo he hablado. = I have spoken.

Tú has comido. = You have eaten.

Ud. Él(la) ha vuelto. = You (formal) have returned.

                                 He/she has returned.

Nosotros hemos dicho. = We have said.

Vosotros habéis roto. = You (familar) have broken

Uds. ellos(as) han hecho. = You (formal/familar)    

                                        have done/made.

                                        They have done/made

Formation of the Past Perfect Tense

Haber

Yo había hablado. = I had spoken.

Tú habías comido. = You had eaten.

Ud. él, ella había vuelto. = You (formal), he, she,

                                      had returned.

Nosotros habíamos dicho. = We had said.

Vosotros habíais roto. = You (familar) had broken.

Uds., ellos, ellas habían hecho. = You (formal/familar), they had done or made.

Formal Commands

Take the infinitive of the "AR, ER," or "IR" verb and cut off the "AR, ER," or "IR" ending then put it in the 1st person, singular, present indicative form.  Cut off the "o" in the yo form.  Now a stem is left.  For "AR" verbs add "e" for singular or "en" for plural to the yo stem.  For "ER" and "IR" verbs add "a" or "an" to the yo stem.

Example

Hablar = yo hablo = habl_ = hable or hablen

Volver = yo vuelvo = vuelv_ = vuelva or vuelvan

Abrir = yo abro = abr_ = abra or abran

Irregular Ud. and Uds. Commands (IUUC)

Dar

IUUC

Estar

IUUC

ser

IUUC

Ir

cold (as in the common cold)

cold (as in the common cold)

early morning,

pre-dawn,

or the middle of the night

temer

creo que no

o

creo que sí

I don't thing so

or

 I think so

Forming Present Subjunctive Mood Regular Verbs

To form the present subjunctive, add the following endings to the stem of the 1st person singular of the present indicative, after dropping the "o."  Note theat the endings for eht "ER" and "IR" verbs are identical. 

hable             coma           viva

hables           comas          vivas

hable             coma           viva

hablemos       comamos      vivamos

habléis           comáis        viváis

hablen           coman          vivan

Irregular Present Subjunctive (IPS)

Dar

dé

des

dé

demos

deis

den

Ips

Estar

esté

estés

esté

estemos

estéis

estén

IPS

saber

sepa

sepas

sepa

sepamos

sepáis

sepan

IPS

ser

sea

seas

sea

seamos

seáis

sean

IPS

Ir

Vaya

Vayas

Vaya

Vayamos

Vayáis

vayan

Subjunctive Sentences

The Spanish subjunctive is used in sobordinate, or dependent, clauses.  The subjunctive is also used in English, although not as often as in Spanish. 

Example

Sugiero (Main Clause) que llegue mañana (Dependent clause).

I suggest (Main Clase) that he arrive tomorrow  (Dependent Clause).

The subjunctive expresses

volition: demands, wishes, advice, persuasion, and other impositions of will

Emotion: pity, joy, fear, surprise, hope, and so on

Unreality: expectations, indefiniteness, uncertainty, nonexistence

Doubt and denial: negated facts, disbeliefe

Prepositions  

A

Expresses

• Time as in the hour of the day
• verbs of motion when followed by an
  • infinitive
  • noun
  • pronoun
• After these verbs when followed by an infinitive
  • empezar
  • comenzar
  • enseñar
  • aprender
• after the verb llegar
• before a direct object noun that refers to a specific person.  It may also used to personify and animal or thing

Prepositions

De

Expresses

Expresses

• of, from, about, with, or in
• indicates possession
• material
• origin
• Refer to a specific period of the day or night when telling time
• ater the superlative to express in or of
• to describe personal physical characteristics
• as a synonym of sobre or acerca de (about)

Prepostions

En

Expresses

• to referr to a definite place
• as a synonym for sobre (on)
• to indicate means of transportation

flight attendant

fumar

to include

In the present indecative, incluir changes from "ui" to "uy" in all forms except the first and second person plural:

Yo incluyo

tú incluyes,

él, ella, Ud. incluye

nosotros incluimos

vosotros incluís

ellos, ellas, uds incluyen

to stop over

beach resort

Todo está en regla.

Regular Affirmative Commands in the Tú Form

Regular affirmative commands in the tú form have exactly the same forms as the 3rd person singular (él, ella, ud.) form of the present indicative.

Hablar to él habla = habla

comer to él come = come

abrir to él abre = abre

and so on.

Placement of (in)direct and reflexive pronouns with tú form commands. 

As with the formal commands (in)direct and relfexive pronouns are always placed after the affirmative command and are attached to it.  A written accent must be placed on the stressed syllable.

Example

Dime, ¿ a qué hora quieres que venga?

Tell me, at what time do you want me to come?

Irregular Tú Form Commands ITFC

Decir

ITFC

Hacer

ITFC

ir

ITFC

poner

ITFC

salir

ITFC

ser

ITFC 

tener

ITFC

vener

Negative Commands in the Tú Form

The negative command of the tú form use the form of the present subjucntive form. In a negative command, all object pronouns are placed before the verb.

Example

No me esperes para comer or You can't wait for me to eat.

Prepositions con, de, and en.

The prepositions con, de, and en can be used with verbs to form certain expressions.  Some of hte idioms are as follows:

casarse con

to forget

Uses of sino and pero.

Sino meaning but in the sense of on the contrary, can be used only after negative statements.

Example

No es la ventanilla número siete sino la seis.

It is not window seat number seven but six.

Uses of sino and pero.

Pero is used for but in all other cases.

Example

Quiero la maleta pero no el bolso de mano.

I want the suitcase not the hand bag.