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| Average Arterial Pressure |
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Definition
=cardiac output x total vascular resistance
~93 mmHg |
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| Average Arterial Pressure |
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Definition
=cardiac output x total vascular resistance
~93 mmHg |
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Term
| Control systems of the body |
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Definition
| to regulate some physiological variables @ or near constant values |
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| metabolic process that converts foodstuff into a biological useable form of energy |
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| Biological control systems |
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Definition
| series of interconnected components that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter @ or near constant |
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Term
| 3 parts of control systems |
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Definition
Receptor - capable of detecting changes
Integrating Center- assesses input and intiates response
EFFECTOR- corrects changes to internal environment |
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Term
| most control systems act via __________ _____ |
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Definition
negative feedback.
Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis |
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Definition
precision w/ which a control system maintains homeostasis
-larger the gain the better the control
-most important systems have largest gain |
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Term
| Failure in blood glucose concentration regulation = |
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Definition
Diabetes
-type one beta cells in pancreas don't produce enough insulin
-failure in effector |
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Definition
| biological control system in cells that battles homeostatic disturbances by manufacturing proteins that defend against stress |
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Definition
reactions that require energy to be added to reactants before reaction can occur
-products contain more free energy than products |
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Definition
reactions that give off energy
-combustion is single step reaction
-cellular oxidation -small, controlled steps |
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Definition
linked reactions that use energy from 1st reaction to drive 2nd reaction
-exergenic reactions drive endogenic reactions |
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Definition
Oxidation = process of removing an e- from atom or molecule
Reduction = addition of e- to an atom or molecules |
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Term
| 2 carrier molecules involved in H transfer |
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Definition
1) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD.
-found in niacin (vitamin B3) reduced = NADH
2) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH)
- Riboflavin (vitamin B12) Reduced=FADH |
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Definition
energy required to initiate chemical reactions
-enzymes lower Ea to speed up reactions |
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Definition
| groves in enzyme (active sites) match up with substrate. |
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Term
| HOw lactic acid affects enzyme activity... |
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Definition
| Lactic acid releases H which lowers pH and thus lowers enzyme activity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) monosaccharides (Glucose and Fructose)
2) Disaccharides (*Sucrose*)
3) Polysaccharides (cellulose & starch) |
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Term
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Definition
-table sugar (glucose + fructose)
-25% of U.S. calorie intake |
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Term
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Definition
-polysaccharide stored in Muscle and liver cells
-small amount stored, easily depleted |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 gram of fat = 9 kcal of energy |
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Term
| Fat's Carbon oxygen ratio is _______ than carbs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) fatty acids - stored as triglycerides. main fat used for energy.
2) Triglycerides - 3 molecules fatty acid 1 glycerol.
lypolysis - triglycerides are broken down
3) phospholipids - not used as energy source. - provides cell structural integrity
4) Steroids -not used as energy sources - cholesterol is most common |
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Term
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Definition
process where triglycerides are broken down.
-regulated by lipases (enzyme) and used by liver to make glucose |
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Term
| 2 ways that proteins become energy |
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Definition
1) analine --> glucose (in liver) --> glycogen
2) AA --> metabolic intermediate --> fuel in bioenergetic |
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Term
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Definition
-Adenosine triphosphate
-immediate source for energy
-composed of adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate |
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Term
| Formation and breakdown of ATP |
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Definition
Formation: ADP + Pi = ATP
breakdown: ATP --ATPase--> ADP + Pi + energy |
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Term
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Definition
1)Phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown [anaerobic]
2) glycolysis [anaerobic]
3) oxidative phosphorylation [aerobic] |
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Term
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Definition
-provides energy for short term, intense exercise (less than 5 seconds)
-Creatine supplmentation increases performance in weight lifting
-PC + ADP --creatine kinases--> ATP + C |
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Definition
-anaerobic
-glucose -> 2 ATP + 2 pyruvic/lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
1) energy investment phase -phosphorylation occurs - glycogen as substrate = 1 ATP needed - Glucose as substrate = 2 atp needed
2) Energy Generation Phase -2 atp gain if glucose. - 3 atp gain if glycogen (inorganic phosphate used)
-H removed are transported by carrier molecules |
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Term
| H ion removed from NADH in two ways: |
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Definition
1) O2 available then H used by O in mitochondria to make atp
2) O 2 absent pyruvic acid accepts H and becomes lactic acid. lactate dehydrogenase is enzyme for reaction. |
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Term
| Aerobic ATP production occurs in what |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 pathways in Aerobic ATP production that interact |
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Definition
1) Krebs Cycle aka citric acid cycle - completes oxidation of substrates and produces NADH and FADH2 to enter the electron transport chain
-Oxy is final acceptor of H at end of electron transport chain - each molecule of glucose = 2 turns of cycle. - each turn -> 3 NADH & 1 FADH - NADH --> 2.5 ATP, FADH --> 1.5 ATP
2) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN -pathway responsible for oxidative phosphorylation aka respiratory/cytochrome chain -cytochromes (electron carrier) pass electrons from H atom |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| aerobic production of ATP |
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Term
| 3 stages of ATP production: |
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Definition
1) generation of acetyl CoA
2) oxidation of acetyl CoA (krebs cycle)
3) oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| Reason why we Breath oxygen: |
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Definition
| oxygen is used as final acceptor of e- in aerobic metabolism. O accepts last 2 e-s, binds with 2 H and forms H2O |
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Term
Total ATP yield via aerobic degradation of glucose:
Total ATP yield for glycogen |
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Definition
Glucose = 32 ATP
Glycogen = 33 ATP |
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Term
| Efficiency of Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| 34% used for cell. 66% lost for heat |
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Term
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Definition
-control speed of pathyway.
-all pathways have one and are usually found early in pathways
-allosteric enzymes controlled by modulators |
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Term
| PC breakdown is regulated by ____ |
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Definition
| creatine kinease activity |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits creatine kinease activity |
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Term
| Control of glycolysis rate limiting enzyme |
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Definition
| phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that degrades glycogen into glucose. Ca activates phophorylation. Indirectly stim by epinephrine --> cyclic AMP which stims phos |
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Term
| 2 physiologic processes that undergo homeostatic control during exercise |
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Definition
-O2 requirement vs CO2 production
-acid-base balance in body |
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Term
| two direct end products of glycolysis |
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Definition
1) pyruvic/lactic acid
2) ATP |
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Term
| What key element determines how much of glycolysis products is produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bioenergetics is dependent on |
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Definition
| coupled reactions and redox reactions |
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Term
| key steps of glycolysis that ensures taht more energy is produced than consumed |
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Definition
a) only 2 ATP are consumed during the energy investment phase
d) glycolysis can begin w/ either glucose or glycogen |
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Term
| four products of aerobic energy production |
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Definition
| heat energy, ATP, CO2, and H2O |
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Term
| Broken down into following: Lipids become _____. carbs --> ________. proteins --> _______ |
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Definition
Lipids ---> fatty acids.
Carbs --> glucose
proteins --> amino acids |
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